User interface of a Home Page Reader
Assets '98 Proceedings of the third international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
A tool to evaluate universal Web accessibility
CUU '00 Proceedings on the 2000 conference on Universal Usability
The state of the art in automating usability evaluation of user interfaces
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Bridging the gap: between accessibility and usability
interactions - Bridging the gap
Proposing new metrics to evaluate web usability for the blind
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
What's the web like if you can't see it?
W4A '05 Proceedings of the 2005 International Cross-Disciplinary Workshop on Web Accessibility (W4A)
W4A '06 Proceedings of the 2006 international cross-disciplinary workshop on Web accessibility (W4A): Building the mobile web: rediscovering accessibility?
Measuring website usability for visually impaired people-a modified GOMS analysis
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Transforming flash to XML for accessibility evaluations
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Making service learning accessible to computer scientists
Proceedings of the 38th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
Analysis of navigability of Web applications for improving blind usability
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Best practices and tools for personal information compliance management
IBM Systems Journal
A web design framework for improved accessibility for people with disabilities (WDFAD)
W4A '08 Proceedings of the 2008 international cross-disciplinary conference on Web accessibility (W4A)
Investigating sighted users' browsing behaviour to assist web accessibility
Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Web Design Requirements for Improved Web Accessibility for the Blind
ICHL '08 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Hybrid Learning and Education
Web 2.0: blind to an accessible new world
Proceedings of the 18th international conference on World wide web
A framework for filtering web accessibility guidelines
Proceedings of the 2009 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibililty (W4A)
Integrating Accessibility and Functional Requirements
UAHCI '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Applications and Services
DTorial: An Interactive Tutorial Framework for Blind Users in a Web 2.0 World
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
What's Next? A Visual Editor for Correcting Reading Order
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
Collaborative web accessibility improvement: challenges and possibilities
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Accessible videodescription On-Demand
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Enhancing Wikipedia Editing with WAI-ARIA
USAB '09 Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering of the Austrian Computer Society on HCI and Usability for e-Inclusion
Usability and Accessibility of eBay by Screen Reader
USAB '09 Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering of the Austrian Computer Society on HCI and Usability for e-Inclusion
No Code Required: Giving Users Tools to Transform the Web
No Code Required: Giving Users Tools to Transform the Web
Designing for auditory web access: accessibility and cellphone users
Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)
Accessibility challenges and tool features: an IBM Web developer perspective
Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)
Exploratory Analysis of Collaborative Web Accessibility Improvement
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
A conversational interface to web automation
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Disability studies as a source of critical inquiry for the field of assistive technology
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Towards a tool for keystroke level modeling of skilled screen reading
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
WebTrax: visualizing non-visual web interactions
ICCHP'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computers helping people with special needs
Accessing Google docs via screen reader
ICCHP'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computers helping people with special needs: Part I
Automatic web accessibility metrics: Where we are and where we can go
Interacting with Computers
Prediction of web page accessibility based on structural and textual features
Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility
Making "google docs" user interface more accessible for blind people
ADNTIIC'10 Proceedings of the First international conference on Advances in new technologies, interactive interfaces, and communicability
Enriching information retrieval results with web accessibility measurement
Journal of Web Engineering
World Wide Web
Design checks for Java accessibility
Accessible Design'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Accessible Design in the Digital World
Back navigation shortcuts for screen reader users
Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
ICWE'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Current Trends in Web Engineering
ACES: a cross-discipline platform and method for communication and language research
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility
An approach to improve the accessibility and usability of existing web system
Proceedings of the 31st ACM international conference on Design of communication
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These days, accessibility-related regulations and guidelines have been accelerating the improvement of Web accessibility. One of the accelerating factors is the development and deployment of accessibility evaluation tools for authoring time and repair time. They mainly focus on creating compliant Web sites by analyzing the HTML syntax of pages, and report that pages are compliant when there are no syntactical errors. However, such compliant pages are often not truly usable by blind users. This is because current evaluation tools merely check if the HTML tags are appropriately used to be compliant with regulations and guidelines. It would be better if such tools paid more attention to real usability, especially on time-oriented usability factors, such as the speed to reach target content, the ease of understanding the page structure, and the navigability, in order to help Web designers to create not simply compliant pages but also usable pages for the blind. Therefore, we decided to develop Accessibility Designer (aDesigner), which has capabilities to visualize blind users' usability by using colors and gradations. The visualization function allows Web designers to grasp the weak points in their pages, and to recognize how accessible or inaccessible their pages are at a glance. In this paper, after reviewing the related work, we describe our approach to visualize blind users' usability followed by an overview of Accessibility Designer. We then report on our evaluations of real Web sites using Accessibility Designer. After discussing the results, we conclude the paper.