The Next Step towards a Function Markup Language
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Multimodality Issues in Conversation Analysis of Greek TV Interviews
Multimodal Signals: Cognitive and Algorithmic Issues
Representing Communicative Function and Behavior in Multimodal Communication
Multimodal Signals: Cognitive and Algorithmic Issues
Comparing and evaluating real time character engines for virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Towards a common framework for multimodal generation: the behavior markup language
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Customizing by doing for responsive video game characters
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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In face-to-face communication, the communicative function of the spoken text is clarified through supporting verbal and nonverbal discourse devices. In computer-mediated communication, the mediating channel may not be able to carry all those devices. To ensure the original intent gets communicated effectively, discourse tags can be embedded in a message to encode the communicative function of text given the context in which it was produced. The receiving client can then generate its own supporting discourse devices from the received tags, taking into account the receiver's context. Spark is a synchronous CMC architecture based on this concept of a message transformation, where an outgoing text message gets automatically annotated with discourse function markup that is then rendered as nonverbal discourse cues by a graphical avatar agent on the receiver side. A user study performed on a derived application for collaborative route planning demonstrates the strength of the approach.