The active badge location system
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
GeoCast—geographic addressing and routing
MobiCom '97 Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks
MobiCom '98 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A scalable location service for geographic ad hoc routing
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The bits and flops of the n-hop multilateration primitive for node localization problems
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
ICDCS '01 Proceedings of the The 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Tracking a moving object with a binary sensor network
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Organizing a global coordinate system from local information on an ad hoc sensor network
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
UWB Location and tracking for wireless embedded networks
Signal Processing - Signal processing in UWB communications
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In this paper a Protocol for Location And Coordinate Estimation (PLACE) is presented as a distributed multihop positioning approach based on wireless sensor networks without relying on GPS data at each sensor node. It is suitable for military applications where GPS services are unavailable, unstable, or unreliable. PLACE conducts the positioning task in three phases: distance estimating, positioning, and refining. Issues caused by alias problems and measurement errors are discussed and solved in order to improve the practicability of the PLACE and its accuracy of the location and coordinates estimations. Simulation results comparing the PLACE approach with another popular multi-hop positioning approach, DV-Hop, show that (i) for the PLACE approach the average multi-hop positioning error is smaller than the corresponding one-hop range detection error and is also several magnitudes smaller than that of the DV-Hop; (ii) the average positioning error decreases as the average number of neighbor nodes increases in the PLACE approach while the relationship is random in DV-Hop, which directly supports the design idea that the PLACE takes advantages of the network redundancy to improve the location estimation accuracy; and (iii) a dense wireless sensor network should be deployed when applying the PLACE for accurate location and coordinates estimations. Therefore this research contributes: (i) a distributed multi-hop positioning algorithm and an associated protocol; (ii) solutions to practical issues that increase the practicability of the multi-hop positioning approach; and (iii) investigations on relationships between network density, network scale, positionability, and positioning accuracy.