The CMU air travel information service: understanding spontaneous speech
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
An overview of the SPHINX-II speech recognition system
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Expanding the scope of the ATIS task: the ATIS-3 corpus
HLT '94 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
1993 benchmark tests for the ARPA spoken language program
HLT '94 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Task-based dialog management using an agenda
ANLP/NAACL-ConvSyst '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ANLP/NAACL Workshop on Conversational systems - Volume 3
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
Natural Language Understanding by Combining Statistical Methods and Extended Context-Free Grammars
Proceedings of the 30th DAGM symposium on Pattern Recognition
The RavenClaw dialog management framework: Architecture and systems
Computer Speech and Language
Olympus: an open-source framework for conversational spoken language interface research
NAACL-HLT-Dialog '07 Proceedings of the Workshop on Bridging the Gap: Academic and Industrial Research in Dialog Technologies
PRECISE on ATIS: semantic tractability and experimental results
AAAI'04 Proceedings of the 19th national conference on Artifical intelligence
A hybrid generative/discriminative framework to train a semantic parser from an un-annotated corpus
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Task-based dialog management using an agenda
ConversationalSys '00 Proceedings of the ANLP-NAACL 2000 Workshop on Conversational Systems
A weakly supervised learning approach for spoken language understanding
EMNLP '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Conquest: an open-source dialog system for conferences
NAACL-Short '07 Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers
Spoken language understanding using weakly supervised learning
Computer Speech and Language
A personalized system for conversational recommendations
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Learning context-dependent mappings from sentences to logical form
ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 2 - Volume 2
Learning about voice search for spoken dialogue systems
HLT '10 Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
SIGDIAL '11 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2011 Conference
Spoken dialogue in virtual worlds
COST'09 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Development of Multimodal Interfaces: active Listening and Synchrony
Optimizing the turn-taking behavior of task-oriented spoken dialog systems
ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing (TSLP)
Data mining to support human-machine dialogue for autonomous agents
ADMI'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Agents and Data Mining Interaction
A historical perspective of speech recognition
Communications of the ACM
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We have been developing a spoken language system to recognize and understand spontaneous speech. It is difficult for such systems to achieve good coverage of the lexicon and grammar that subjects might use because spontaneous speech often contains disfluencies and ungrammatical constructions. Our goal is to respond appropriately to input, even though coverage is not complete. The natural language component of our system is oriented toward the extraction of information relevant to a task, and seeks to directly optimize the correctness of the extracted information (and therefore the system response). We use a flexible frame-based parser, which parses as much of the input as possible. This approach leads both to high accuracy and robustness. We have implemented a version of this system for the Air Travel Information Service (ATIS) task, which is being used by several ARPA-funded sites to develop and evaluate speech understanding systems. Users are asked to perform a task that requires getting information from an Air Travel database. In this paper, we describe recent improvements in our system resulting from our efforts to improve the coverage given a limited amount of training data. These improvements address a number of problems including generating an adequate lexicon and grammar for the recognizer, generating and generalizing an appropriate grammar for the parser, and dealing with ambiguous parses.