An evaluation of earcons for use in auditory human-computer interfaces
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sensitivity to haptic-audio asynchrony
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Tactons: structured tactile messages for non-visual information display
AUIC '04 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface - Volume 28
Earcons and Icons: Their Structure and Common Design Principles (Abstract only)
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
A First Investigation into the Effectiveness of Tactons
WHC '05 Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
Crossmodal spatial location: initial experiments
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
New parameters for tacton design
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing audio and tactile crossmodal icons for mobile devices
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Spatiotemporal Visuotactile Interaction
EuroHaptics '08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Haptics: Perception, Devices and Scenarios
Exploring melodic variance in rhythmic haptic stimulus design
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Crossmodal interaction: using audio or tactile displays in mobile devices
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part II
Psychophysical model for vibrotactile rendering in mobile devices
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Crossmodal Audio and Tactile Interaction with Mobile Touchscreens
International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction
Evaluating multimodal driver displays of varying urgency
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications
Emergent effects in multimodal feedback from virtual buttons
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
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This paper describes a novel form of display using crossmodal output. A crossmodal icon is an abstract icon that can be instantiated in one of two equivalent forms (auditory or tactile). These can be used in interfaces as a means of non-visual output. This paper discusses how crossmodal icons can be constructed and the potential benefits they bring to mobile human computer interfaces.