Leakage aware dynamic voltage scaling for real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 41st annual Design Automation Conference
Maximizing efficiency of solar-powered systems by load matching
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
System-level energy-efficient dynamic task scheduling
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
DC-DC converter-aware power management for battery-operated embedded systems
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Extending the lifetime of fuel cell based hybrid systems
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Perpetual environmentally powered sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Dynamic power management with hybrid power sources
Proceedings of the 44th annual Design Automation Conference
Energy management of DVS-DPM enabled embedded systems powered by fuel cell-battery hybrid source
ISLPED '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
A fuel-cell-battery hybrid for portable embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Load characteristics and control of a hybrid fuel cell / battery vehicle
ACC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 conference on American Control Conference
Maximizing the lifetime of embedded systems powered by fuel cell-battery hybrids
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
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Fuel cells are a viable alternative power source for portable applications. They have higher energy density than traditional Li-ion batteries and can achieve longer lifetime for the same weight or volume. However, because of their limited power density, they can not track fluctuations in the load current fast. A hybrid power source, that consists of a fuel cell and a Li-ion battery, has the advantages of long lifetime and good load following capabilities. In this work, we consider the problem of extending the lifetime of a fuel-cell based hybrid source that is used to provide power to a DVFS processor. We propose a new algorithm that is built on top of an energy based optimization framework. The algorithm simultaneously adjusts the fuel flow rate (at the producer end), and judiciously scales the load current (at the consumer end) to minimize the energy loss of the hybrid system. Simulations on randomly generated task sets demonstrate the superiority of this algorithm with respect to an algorithm that does not allow adjustment of the fuel flow rate.