Energy efficient fixed-priority scheduling for real-time systems on variable voltage processors
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
A scheduling model for reduced CPU energy
FOCS '95 Proceedings of the 36th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Leakage aware dynamic voltage scaling for real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 41st annual Design Automation Conference
Maximizing efficiency of solar-powered systems by load matching
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
System-level energy-efficient dynamic task scheduling
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
DC-DC converter-aware power management for battery-operated embedded systems
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
High-level power management of embedded systems with application-specific energy cost functions
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference
Maximizing the lifetime of embedded systems powered by fuel cell-battery hybrids
Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Dynamic power management with hybrid power sources
Proceedings of the 44th annual Design Automation Conference
Energy management of DVS-DPM enabled embedded systems powered by fuel cell-battery hybrid source
ISLPED '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
A fuel-cell-battery hybrid for portable embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design
On-chip hybrid power supply system for wireless sensor nodes
Proceedings of the 16th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Maximizing the lifetime of embedded systems powered by fuel cell-battery hybrids
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
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Fuel cells are clean power sources that have much higher energy densities and lifetimes compared to batteries. However, fuel cells have limited load following capabilities and cannot be efficiently utilized if used in isolation. In this work, we consider a hybrid system where a fuel cell based hybrid power source is used to provide power to a DVFS processor. The hybrid power source consists of a room temperature fuel cell operating as the primary power source and a Li-ion battery (that has good load following capability) operating as the secondary source. Our goal is to develop polices to extend the lifetime of the fuel cell based hybrid system. First, we develop a charge based optimization framework which minimizes the charge loss of the hybrid system (and not the energy consumption of the DVFS processor). Next, we propose a new algorithm to minimize the charge loss by judiciously scaling the load current. We compare the performance of this algorithm with one that has been optimized for energy, and demonstrate its superiority. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the hybrid system under different system configurations and show how to determine the best combination of fuel cell size and battery capacity for a given embedded application.