The art of computer programming, volume 2 (3rd ed.): seminumerical algorithms
The art of computer programming, volume 2 (3rd ed.): seminumerical algorithms
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Communications of the ACM
Montgomery in Practice: How to Do It More Efficiently in Hardware
CT-RSA '02 Proceedings of the The Cryptographer's Track at the RSA Conference on Topics in Cryptology
Montgomery's Multiplication Technique: How to Make It Smaller and Faster
CHES '99 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
A Scalable Architecture for Montgomery Multiplication
CHES '99 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Attacking RSA---CRT signatures with faults on montgomery multiplication
CHES'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
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This paper presents a pipelined architecture of a modular Montgomery multiplier, which is suitable to be used in public key coprocessors. Starting from a baseline implementation of the Montgomery algorithm, a more compact pipelined version is derived. The design makes use of 16-bit integer multiplication blocks that are available on recently manufactured FPGAs. The critical path is optimized by omitting the exact computation of intermediate results in the Montgomery algorithm using a 6-2 carry-save notation. This results in a high-speed architecture,which outperforms previously designed Montgomery multipliers. Because a very popular application of Montgomery multiplication is public key cryptography, we compare our implementation to the state-of-the-art in Montgomery multipliers on the basis of performance results for 1024-bit RSA.