Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics: Experiments, Simulations, and Design Solutions

  • Authors:

  • Dirk Helbing;Lubos Buzna;Anders Johansson;Torsten Werner

  • Affiliations:

  • Institute for Transport and Economics, Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Straβe 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany;Dept. of Transp. Netw., Fac. of Mgmt. Sci. and Inform., Univ. of Zilina, Velky Diel, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia, and Inst. for Transp. and Econ., Dresden Univ. of Technol., Andreas-Schubert-Straβ ...;Dept. of Phys. Res. Theory, Chalmers Univ. of Technol., 41296 Göteborg, Sweden, and Inst. for Transp. and Econ., Dresden Univ. of Technol., Andreas-Schubert-Straβe 23, Dresden, Germany;Institute for Transport and Economics, Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Straβe 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany

  • Venue:
  • Transportation Science
  • Year:
  • 2005

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Abstract

To test simulation models of pedestrian flows, we have performed experiments for corridors, bottleneck areas, and intersections. Our evaluations of video recordings show that the geometric boundary conditions are not only relevant for the capacity of the elements of pedestrian facilities, they also influence the time gap distribution of pedestrians, indicating the existence of self-organization phenomena. After calibration of suitable models, these findings can be used to improve design elements of pedestrian facilities and egress routes. It turns out that "obstacles" can stabilize flow patterns and make them more fluid. Moreover, intersecting flows can be optimized, utilizing the phenomenon of "stripe formation." We also suggest increasing diameters of egress routes in stadia, theaters, and lecture halls to avoid long waiting times for people in the back, and shock waves due to impatience in cases of emergency evacuation. Moreover, zigzag-shaped geometries and columns can reduce the pressure in panicking crowds. The proposed design solutions are expected to increase the efficiency and safety of train stations, airport terminals, stadia, theaters, public buildings, and mass events in the future. As application examples we mention the evacuation of passenger ships and the simulation of pilgrim streams on the Jamarat bridge. Adaptive escape guidance systems, optimal way systems, and simulations of urban pedestrian flows are addressed as well.