JouleTrack: a web based tool for software energy profiling
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Security: for ubiquitous computing
Security: for ubiquitous computing
The Design of Rijndael
System Software for Ubiquitous Computing
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Efficient Software Implementation of AES on 32-Bit Platforms
CHES '02 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
A Fast New DES Implementation in Software
FSE '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption
Analyzing the energy consumption of security protocols
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Performance and Energy Efficiency of Block Ciphers in Personal Digital Assistants
PERCOM '05 Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Survey and benchmark of block ciphers for wireless sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
An instruction set extension for fast and memory-efficient AES implementation
CMS'05 Proceedings of the 9th IFIP TC-6 TC-11 international conference on Communications and Multimedia Security
Ad hoc networking in future wireless communications
Computer Communications
Profiling of symmetric-encryption algorithms for a novel biomedical-implant architecture
Proceedings of the 5th conference on Computing frontiers
ICISS '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems Security
Improving first order differential power attacks through digital signal processing
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Security of information and networks
PATMOS'09 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Integrated Circuit and System Design: power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation
MELOADES: Methodology for long-term online adaptation of embedded software for heterogeneous devices
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
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Software implementations of modern block ciphers often require large lookup tables along with code size increasing optimizations like loop unrolling to reach peak performance on general-purpose processors. Therefore, block ciphers are difficult to implement efficiently on embedded devices like cell phones or sensor nodes where run-time memory and program ROM are scarce resources. In this paper we analyze and compare the performance, energy consumption, run-time memory requirements, and code size of the five block ciphers RC6, Rijndael, Serpent, Twofish, and XTEA on the StrongARM SA-1100 processor. Most previous evaluations of block ciphers considered performance as the sole metric of interest and did not care about memory requirements or code size. In contrast to previous work, our study of the performance and energy characteristics of block ciphers has been conducted with "lightweight" implementations which restrict the size of lookup tables to 1 kB and also impose constraints on the code size. We found that Rijndael and RC6 can be well optimized for high performance and energy efficiency, while at the same time meeting the demand for low memory (RAM and ROM) footprint. In addition, we discuss the impact of key expansion and modes of operation on the overall performance and energy consumption of each block cipher. Our simulation results show that RC6 is the most energy-efficient block cipher under memory constraints and thus the best choice for resource-restricted devices.