A discrete-time battery model for high-level power estimation
DATE '00 Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Dynamic Power Management: Design Techniques and CAD Tools
Dynamic Power Management: Design Techniques and CAD Tools
Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Design & Test
Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks
VLSID '01 Proceedings of the The 14th International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSID '01)
EnviroTrack: Towards an Environmental Computing Paradigm for Distributed Sensor Networks
ICDCS '04 Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'04)
Leakage aware dynamic voltage scaling for real-time embedded systems
Proceedings of the 41st annual Design Automation Conference
Memory-aware energy-optimal frequency assignment for dynamic supply voltage scaling
Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics
IEEE Pervasive Computing
DC-DC converter-aware power management for battery-operated embedded systems
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Eco: Ultra-Wearable and Expandable Wireless Sensor Platform
BSN '06 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
The emergence of networking abstractions and techniques in TinyOS
NSDI'04 Proceedings of the 1st conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 1
Extending the lifetime of media recorders constrained by battery and flash memory size
Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Online device-level energy accounting for wireless sensor nodes
EWSN'13 Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
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Recent wireless sensor nodes, equipped with ultra-low-power (ULP) RISC microcontrollers, do not generally support DVS (dynamic voltage scaling), though the ULP microcontrollers have ideal energy-voltage-frequency characteristics for DVS. In general, an output-adjustable DC-DC converter is hardly all affordable in such sensor nodes, and surprisingly light current consumption makes the DC-DC converter operate in a very inefficient region. This paper introduces a new supply voltage scaling namely PVS (passive voltage scaling) that eliminates the use of a DC-DC converter. While a battery is directly connected to a ULP microcontroller, PVS monitors the battery voltage drop (50% in alkaline batteries) and scales down the clock frequency accordingly for a reliable operation. Opposite to DVS, PVS does not achieve the optimal energy consumption of the microcontroller, but it minimizes the loss of the power delivery system, peripherals and battery, and achieves ultimate longer operational lifetime. Along with such energy gain, the throughput of a PVS-enabled sensor node continuously decreases by the battery state of charge loss, which makes a traditional performance-driven routing also energy-aware. We applied PVS to a wireless sensor network, and demonstrated 34% more network lifetime, and 26% shorter average latency over a modern sensor network such as Telos, 64% more network lifetime and 3% shorter average latency over a traditional sensor network with a DC-DC converter.