Evaluating the effectiveness of a mixed-signal TMR scheme based on design diversity
SBCCI '10 Proceedings of the 23rd symposium on Integrated circuits and system design
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part I: Regular Papers
A low-cost fault tolerant solution targeting commercial FPGA devices
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
A Library-Based Early Soft Error Sensitivity Analysis Technique for SRAM-Based FPGA Design
Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications
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nologies, the reliability has become a major bottleneck in the evolution of the next generation systems. Technology trends such as transistor down-sizing, use of new materials, and system on chip architectures continue to increase the sensitivity of systems to soft errors. These errors are random and not related to permanent hardware faults. Their causes may be internal (e.g., interconnect coupling) or external (e.g., cosmic radiation). To meet the system reliability requirements it is necessary for both the circuit designers and test engineers to get the basic knowledge of the soft errors. We present a tutorial study of the radiation-induced single event upset phenomenon caused by external radiation, which is a major source of soft errors. We summarize basic radiation mechanisms and the resulting soft errors in silicon. Soft error mitigation techniques with time and space redundancy are illustrated. An industrial design example, the IBM z990 system, shows how the industry is dealing with soft errors these days.