Evaluation of eye gaze interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Four-step Camera Calibration Procedure with Implicit Image Correction
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Gaze Estimation Using Morphable Models
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
A robust eye gaze tracking method based on a virtual eyeball model
Machine Vision and Applications
Robust gaze estimation for human computer interaction
PRICAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Rim international conference on Artificial intelligence
Robust gaze tracking method for stereoscopic virtual reality systems
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
Non-intrusive eye gaze estimation without knowledge of eye pose
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Fake iris detection by using purkinje image
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
A novel approach to 3-D gaze tracking using stereo cameras
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Display-camera calibration using eye reflections and geometry constraints
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Facial-feature detection and localization based on a hierarchical scheme
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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In this paper, we propose an analytical method for robust gaze detection by compensating for facial movements based on corneal specularities. Our method has following four novelties compared to previous works. (i) We used a USB (Universal Serial Bus) camera with four IR-LED (infra-red light emitting diodes) which were attached on each corner of a monitor, so we could simply calculate the user's gaze position based on 2D relations between the center of pupil and four corneal reflections without considering the complex 3D relations among the camera, the monitor and the pupil coordinates, (ii) the detection accuracy of four corneal reflections was much enhanced by removing the imposter reflections based on the analysis of 3D structure of the human eye, (iii) by analyzing and compensating the shape change of quadrangle which was formed by four corneal reflections according to facial movement, we could reduce the gaze detection errors caused by facial movements, (iv) by compensating the error caused by angle Kappa based on user-dependent calibration, we could much enhance the accuracy of our gaze detection method. Experimental results showed that the gaze detection error was about 1.0^o and we could know our method could track user's gaze position at real-time speed.