Digital integrated circuits: a design perspective
Digital integrated circuits: a design perspective
Wattch: a framework for architectural-level power analysis and optimizations
Proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Reducing power density through activity migration
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Dynamic Thermal Management for High-Performance Microprocessors
HPCA '01 Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
HPCA '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
Razor: A Low-Power Pipeline Based on Circuit-Level Timing Speculation
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Counterflow Pipeline Processor Architecture
Counterflow Pipeline Processor Architecture
Temperature-aware microarchitecture: Modeling and implementation
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
Recent thermal management techniques for microprocessors
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
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In this paper, we propose O2C, a novel non-speculative adaptive thermal management technique that reduces the temperature during die-overheating using supply voltage scaling, while maintaining the rated clock frequency. This is accomplished by (a) scaling down the supply voltage, (b) isolating and predicting the set of critical paths, (c) ensuring (by design) that they are activated rarely, and (d) getting around occasional delay failures (at reduced voltage during die-overheating) in these paths by two-cycle operations (assuming all standard operations are single-cycle). Two-cycle operation is achieved by stalling the pipeline for extra clock cycles whenever the set of critical paths are activated. The rare two-cycle operation results in a small decrease in IPC (instructions per cycle). Since called O2C maintains the rated clock frequency and does not require pipeline stalling during supply voltage ramp-up/ramp-down, it achieves high throughput in a thermally constrained environment. We applied called O2C to the integer execution units of an in-order superscalar pipeline. Standard full-chip Dynamic Voltage-Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is very effective in bringing down the temperature, however; it is associated with large throughput loss due to pipeline stalling and slow operating frequency during thermal management. We integrated "O2C with standard DVFS" (called O2Cα) to demonstrate that it can act as a "first step" before full-scale thermal management is required. Our simulations indeed reveal that called O2Cα policy can avoid the requirement of full-scale DVFS during execution of programs.