GI '96 Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '96
Affective computing
The EMOTE model for effort and shape
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Nudge nudge wink wink: elements of face-to-face conversation for embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Creating Interactive Virtual Humans: Some Assembly Required
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Digital Lighting and Rendering (2nd Edition)
Digital Lighting and Rendering (2nd Edition)
Multimodal expression in virtual humans: Research Articles
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA 2006
Shaders for Game Programmers and Artists (Premier Press Game Development (Paperback))
Shaders for Game Programmers and Artists (Premier Press Game Development (Paperback))
Implementing expressive gesture synthesis for embodied conversational agents
GW'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Gesture in Human-Computer Interaction and Simulation
Environment expression: expressing emotions through cameras, lights and music
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Evolving Expression of Emotions in Virtual Humans Using Lights and Pixels
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Storyboarding and pre-visualization with X3D
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web 3D Technology
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Representing game characters' inner worlds through narrative perspectives
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
Expressive animated character sequences using knowledge-based painterly rendering
International Journal of Computer Games Technology
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Artists use words, lines, shapes, color, sound and their bodies to express emotions. Virtual humans use postures, gestures, face and voice to express emotions. Why are they limiting themselves to the body? The digital medium affords the expression of emotions using lights, camera, sound and the pixels in the screen itself. Thus, leveraging on accumulated knowledge from the arts, this work proposes a model for the expression of emotions in virtual humans which goes beyond embodiment and explores lights, shadows, composition and filters to convey emotions. First, the model integrates the OCC emotion model for emotion synthesis. Second, the model defines a pixel-based lighting model which supports extensive expressive control of lights and shadows. Third, the model explores the visual arts techniques of composition in layers and filtering to manipulate the virtual human pixels themselves. Finally, the model introduces a markup language to define mappings between emotional states and multimodal expression.