3D chainmail: a fast algorithm for deforming volumetric objects
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Exploring geo-scientific data in virtual environments
VIS '99 Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '99: celebrating ten years
Supporting presence in collaborative environments by haptic force feedback
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction and collaborative virtual environments
Towards intuitive exploration tools for data visualization in VR
VRST '02 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Evaluation of a multimodal interface for 3D terrain visualization
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02
Haptic Rendering: Introductory Concepts
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Synergistic Visual/Haptic Rendering Modes for Scientific Visualization
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Haptic Glyphs (Hlyphs) " Structured Haptic Objects for Haptic Visualization
WHC '05 Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
A Constraint-Based Technique for Haptic Volume Exploration
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
Geometry based haptic interaction with scientific data
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM international conference on Virtual reality continuum and its applications
Real-Time Landscape Model Interaction Using a Tangible Geospatial Modeling Environment
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
An Introduction to 3-D User Interface Design
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Where are we with Haptic Visualization?
WHC '07 Proceedings of the Second Joint EuroHaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
Enabling design and interactive selection of haptic modes
Virtual Reality
Interaction spaces in data and information visualization
VISSYM'04 Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Eurographics - IEEE TCVG conference on Visualization
Influence of the auditory localization direction on the haptic estimation of virtual length
HAID'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Haptic and audio interaction design
Investigation of secondary views in a multimodal VR environment: 3D lenses, windows, and mirrors
ISVC'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
TouchMover: actuated 3D touchscreen with haptic feedback
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
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We describe a prototype software system for investigating novel human-computer interaction techniques for 3-D geospatial data. This system, M4-Geo (Multi-Modal Mesh Manipulation of Geospatial data), aims to provide a more intuitive interface for directly manipulating 3-D surface data, such as digital terrain models (DTM). The M4-Geo system takes place within a 3-D environment and uses a Phantom haptic force feedback device to enhance 3-D computer graphics with touch-based interactions. The Phantom uses a 3-D force feedback stylus, which acts as a virtual "finger tip" that allows the user to feel the shape (morphology) of the terrain's surface in great detail. In addition, it acts as a touch sensitive tool for different GIS tasks, such as digitizing (draping) of lines and polygons directly onto a 3-D surface and directly deforming surfaces (by pushing or pulling the stylus in or out). The user may adjust the properties of the surface deformation (e.g., soft or hard) locally by painting it with a special "material color." The overlap of visual and force representation of 3-D data aides hand-eye coordination for these tasks and helps the user to perceive the 3-D spatial data in a more holistic, multi-sensory way. The use of such a 3-D force feedback device for direct interaction may thus provide more intuitive and efficient alternatives to the mouse and keyboards driven interactions common today, in particular in areas related to digital landscape design, surface hydrology and geotechnical engineering.