EUROCRYPT '93 Workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
The Cricket location-support system
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A Statistical Modeling Approach to Location Estimation
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Localization from mere connectivity
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
WLAN Location Determination via Clustering and Probability Distributions
PERCOM '03 Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
A High Performance Privacy-Oriented Location System
PERCOM '03 Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Secure verification of location claims
WiSe '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Wireless security
Wireless LAN location-sensing for security applications
WiSe '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Wireless security
Robust statistical methods for securing wireless localization in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Attack-resistant location estimation in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
ROPE: robust position estimation in wireless sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
The robustness of localization algorithms to signal strength attacks: a comparative study
DCOSS'06 Proceedings of the Second IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Robust wireless localization to attacks on access points
SARNOFF'09 Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Sarnoff symposium
The directional attack on wireless localization: how to spoof your location with a tin can
GLOBECOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications
Indoor localisation robustness and performance improvement
International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems
Toward attack-resistant localization under infrastructure attacks
Security and Communication Networks
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Recently, it has been noted that localization algorithms that use signal strength are susceptible to noncryptographic attacks, which consequently threatens their viability for sensor applications. In this work, we examine several localization algorithms and evaluate their robustness to attacks where an adversary attenuates or amplifies the signal strength at one or more landmarks. We study both point-based and area-based methods that employ received signal strength for localization, and propose several performance metrics that quantify the estimator's precision, bias, and error, including Hölder metrics, which quantify the variability in position space for a given variability in signal strength space. We then conduct a trace-driven evaluation of a set of representative algorithms, where we measured their performance as we applied attacks on real data from two different buildings. We found the median error degraded gracefully, with a linear response as a function of the attack strength. We also found that area-based algorithms experienced a decrease and a spatial-shift in the returned area under attack, implying that precision increases though bias is introduced for these schemes. Additionally, we observed similar values for the average Hölder metric across most of the algorithms, thereby providing strong experimental evidence that nearly all the algorithms have similar average responses to signal strength attacks with the exception of the Bayesian Networks algorithm.