The Cricket location-support system
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A Statistical Modeling Approach to Location Estimation
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Localization from mere connectivity
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
WLAN Location Determination via Clustering and Probability Distributions
PERCOM '03 Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Secure verification of location claims
WiSe '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Wireless security
Robust statistical methods for securing wireless localization in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Attack-resistant location estimation in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
ROPE: robust position estimation in wireless sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
A security and robustness performance analysis of localization algorithms to signal strength attacks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking - Special issue on wireless network security
Non-interactive localization of cognitive radios based on dynamic signal strength mapping
WONS'09 Proceedings of the Sixth international conference on Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services
Jammer localization in wireless sensor networks
WiCOM'09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Wireless communications, networking and mobile computing
The directional attack on wireless localization: how to spoof your location with a tin can
GLOBECOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications
Growing an organic indoor location system
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Taxonomy of Fundamental Concepts of Localization in Cyber-Physical and Sensor Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
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In this paper, we examine several localization algorithms and evaluate their robustness to attacks where an adversary attenuates or amplifies the signal strength at one or more landmarks. We propose several performance metrics that quantify the estimator's precision and error, including Hölder metrics, which quantify the variability in position space for a given variability in signal strength space. We then conduct a trace-driven evaluation of several point-based and area-based algorithms, where we measured their performance as we applied attacks on real data from two different buildings. We found the median error degraded gracefully, with a linear response as a function of the attack strength. We also found that area-based algorithms experienced a decrease and a spatial-shift in the returned area under attack, implying that precision increases though bias is introduced for these schemes. We observed both strong experimental and theoretic evidence that all the algorithms have similar average responses to signal strength attacks.