Computer-based tools to support learning from hypertext: concept mapping tools and beyond
CAL '93 Selected contributions from the 93 symposium on CAL into the mainstream
Structural Knowledge: Techniques for Representing, Conveying, and Acquiring Structural Knowledge
Structural Knowledge: Techniques for Representing, Conveying, and Acquiring Structural Knowledge
Supporting concept mapping for learning from text
ICLS '06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Learning sciences
The worked-example effect: Not an artefact of lousy control conditions
Computers in Human Behavior
Computers in Human Behavior
Computers in Human Behavior
The worked-example effect: Not an artefact of lousy control conditions
Computers in Human Behavior
Editorial: State of the art research into Cognitive Load Theory
Computers in Human Behavior
Review: Integrating cognitive load theory and concepts of human-computer interaction
Computers in Human Behavior
Investigating Influences Among Individuals and Groups in a Collaborative Learning Setting
International Journal of e-Collaboration
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In initial skill acquisition in well-structured domains, example-based learning typically leads to better learning outcomes than learning by doing. Cognitive Load Theory explains this result by the worked-example effect: Example-based learning prevents learners from using load-intensive strategies and focuses their attention on the principles to-be-learned. In two experiments, we investigated the use of examples for acquiring a new learning strategy, namely computer-based concept mapping. Experiment 1 compared learners who studied two examples on how to construct a concept map with learners who practiced concept mapping by constructing two concept maps on their own. We did not find significant differences in learning outcomes. Therefore, in Experiment 2, we introduced a third group of learners who studied examples with the additional support of self-explanation prompts. Self-explaining examples led to better learning outcomes than learning with examples without prompts or practicing. With respect to cognitive load, we found that examples without prompts released learners' working memory compared to practicing, whereas self-explaining examples led to a higher cognitive load compared to examples without self-explanation.