I3R: a new approach to the design of document retrieval systems
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
On the nature and fuction of explanation in intelligent information retrieval
SIGIR '88 Proceedings of the 11th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Using statistical testing in the evaluation of retrieval experiments
SIGIR '93 Proceedings of the 16th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
User-defined relevance criteria: an exploratory study
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special issue: relevance research
Information seeking in electronic environments
Information seeking in electronic environments
Task complexity affects information seeking and use
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
SIGCSE '96 Proceedings of the twenty-seventh SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
User interactions with everyday applications as context for just-in-time information access
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Learning users' interests by unobtrusively observing their normal behavior
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Analysis of a very large web search engine query log
ACM SIGIR Forum
Learning user's preferences by analyzing Web-browsing behaviors
AGENTS '00 Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents
Users' interaction with World Wide Web resources: an exploratory study using a holistic approach
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Web search behavior of Internet experts and newbies
Proceedings of the 9th international World Wide Web conference on Computer networks : the international journal of computer and telecommunications netowrking
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
The role of individual differences in Internet searching: an empirical study
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Information Tasks: Toward a User-Centered Approach to Information Systems
Information Tasks: Toward a User-Centered Approach to Information Systems
Gender differences in collaborative web searching behavior: an elementary school study
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Beyond logs and surveys: in-depth measures of people's web use skills
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Web search strategies and approaches to studying
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Mining longitudinal web queries: trends and patterns
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Understanding user goals in web search
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Measuring the user's experience with digital libraries
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Classifying and coding online actions
Social Science Computer Review - Special issue: Sociology and computing
Display time as implicit feedback: understanding task effects
Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Context-sensitive information retrieval using implicit feedback
Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Exploratory search: from finding to understanding
Communications of the ACM - Supporting exploratory search
Gender and Web information seeking: A self-concept orientation model: Research Articles
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
A field study characterizing Web-based information-seeking tasks
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Understanding web search via a learning paradigm
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
Viewing online searching within a learning paradigm
SIGIR '07 Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Determining the informational, navigational, and transactional intent of Web queries
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Acquiring knowledge about human goals from Search Query Logs
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Task complexity, vertical display and user interaction in aggregated search
SIGIR '12 Proceedings of the 35th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Proceedings of the 4th Information Interaction in Context Symposium
Assigning search tasks designed to elicit exploratory search behaviors
Proceedings of the Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
Ordinary search engine users carrying out complex search tasks
Journal of Information Science
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In this research, we investigated whether a learning process has unique information searching characteristics. The results of this research show that information searching is a learning process with unique searching characteristics specific to particular learning levels. In a laboratory experiment, we studied the searching characteristics of 72 participants engaged in 426 searching tasks. We classified the searching tasks according to Anderson and Krathwohl's taxonomy of the cognitive learning domain. Research results indicate that applying and analyzing, the middle two of the six categories, generally take the most searching effort in terms of queries per session, topics searched per session, and total time searching. Interestingly, the lowest two learning categories, remembering and understanding, exhibit searching characteristics similar to the highest order learning categories of evaluating and creating. Our results suggest the view of Web searchers having simple information needs may be incorrect. Instead, we discovered that users applied simple searching expressions to support their higher-level information needs. It appears that searchers rely primarily on their internal knowledge for evaluating and creating information needs, using search primarily for fact checking and verification. Overall, results indicate that a learning theory may better describe the information searching process than more commonly used paradigms of decision making or problem solving. The learning style of the searcher does have some moderating effect on exhibited searching characteristics. The implication of this research is that rather than solely addressing a searcher's expressed information need, searching systems can also address the underlying learning need of the user.