I3R: a new approach to the design of document retrieval systems
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
The effect multiple query representations on information retrieval system performance
SIGIR '93 Proceedings of the 16th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Orienteering in an information landscape: how information seekers get from here to there
INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
Information seeking in electronic environments
Information seeking in electronic environments
The tangled Web we wove: a taskonomy of WWW use
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Analysis of a very large web search engine query log
ACM SIGIR Forum
Real life, real users, and real needs: a study and analysis of user queries on the web
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Interactive query expansion: a user-based evaluation in a relevance feedback environment
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
Using information scent to model user information needs and actions and the Web
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
How knowledge workers use the web
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
SIGIR '02 Proceedings of the 25th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM SIGIR Forum
Query type classification for web document retrieval
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Query length in interactive information retrieval
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Implicit feedback for inferring user preference: a bibliography
ACM SIGIR Forum
The perfect search engine is not enough: a study of orienteering behavior in directed search
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Understanding user goals in web search
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Display time as implicit feedback: understanding task effects
Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
An analysis of web searching by European AlltheWeb.com users
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Automatic identification of user goals in Web search
WWW '05 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
Seeking and implementing automated assistance during the search process
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Relevance for browsing, relevance for searching
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Using temporal patterns of interactions to design effective automated searching assistance
Communications of the ACM - Supporting exploratory search
Detecting online commercial intention (OCI)
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web
How are we searching the world wide web?: a comparison of nine search engine transaction logs
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue: Formal methods for information retrieval
The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More
The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More
Automatic classification of Web queries using very large unlabeled query logs
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
A field study characterizing Web-based information-seeking tasks
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Information Foraging Theory: Adaptive Interaction with Information
Information Foraging Theory: Adaptive Interaction with Information
The intention behind web queries
SPIRE'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on String Processing and Information Retrieval
Task Effects on Interactive Search: The Query Factor
Focused Access to XML Documents
An examination of daily information needs and sharing opportunities
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Acquiring Explicit User Goals from Search Query Logs
WI-IAT '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 03
Survey and evaluation of query intent detection methods
Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Web Search Click Data
Intentional query suggestion: making user goals more explicit during search
Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Web Search Click Data
Usefulness of quality click-through data for training
Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Web Search Click Data
Comparative analysis of clicks and judgments for IR evaluation
Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Web Search Click Data
Time series analysis of a Web search engine transaction log
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Intentions: a game for classifying search query intent
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Stratified analysis of AOL query log
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Identification of factors predicting clickthrough in Web searching using neural network analysis
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Proceedings of the forty-first annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Studying databases of intentions: do search query logs capture knowledge about common human goals?
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Knowledge capture
Using the taxonomy of cognitive learning to model online searching
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Identifying the Intent of a User Query Using Support Vector Machines
SPIRE '09 Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval
A Task-Based Evaluation of an Aggregated Search Interface
SPIRE '09 Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval
Dynamic presentation adaptation based on user intent classification
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Monetizing User Activity on Social Networks - Challenges and Experiences
WI-IAT '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 01
Full-Subtopic Retrieval with Keyphrase-Based Search Results Clustering
WI-IAT '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 01
Impact of search results on user queries
Proceedings of the eleventh international workshop on Web information and data management
Twitter power: Tweets as electronic word of mouth
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Language identification of search engine queries
ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 2 - Volume 2
Building Decision Trees to Identify the Intent of a User Query
KES '09 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems: Part I
Intent-Based Categorization of Search Results Using Questions from Web Q&A Corpus
WISE '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
A classification scheme for user intentions in image search
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Classifying web queries by topic and user intent
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Online community information seeking: The queries of three communities in Southwestern Ontario
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
An analysis of queries intended to search information for children
Proceedings of the third symposium on Information interaction in context
An elaborated model of social search
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Analyzing the emotional outcomes of the online search behavior with search engines
Computers in Human Behavior
Who uses web search for what: and how
Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
Understanding and predicting personal navigation
Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
Learning search tasks in queries and web pages via graph regularization
Proceedings of the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in Information Retrieval
Scalable multi-dimensional user intent identification using tree structured distributions
Proceedings of the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in Information Retrieval
Acquiring knowledge about human goals from Search Query Logs
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
A multi-faceted approach to query intent classification
SPIRE'11 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on String processing and information retrieval
Detecting Intent of Web Queries Using Questions and Answers in CQA Corpus
WI-IAT '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 01
Representing and reasoning on typicality in formal ontologies
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Semantic Systems
Unsupervised transactional query classification based on webpage form understanding
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Evolving social search based on bookmarks and status messages from social networks
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Intent feature discovery using Q&A corpus and web data
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Uniquitous Information Management and Communication
Towards the taxonomy-oriented categorization of yellow pages queries
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
"I loan because...": understanding motivations for pro-social lending
Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
Answers, not links: extracting tips from yahoo! answers to address how-to web queries
Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
Interpreting user inactivity on search results
ECIR'2010 Proceedings of the 32nd European conference on Advances in Information Retrieval
Evaluating subtopic retrieval methods: Clustering versus diversification of search results
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Recognition of human's implicit intention based on an eyeball movement pattern analysis
ICONIP'11 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part I
Evaluation with informational and navigational intents
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web
"It's simply integral to what I do": enquiries into how the web is weaved into everyday life
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web
A comparative survey of Personalised Information Retrieval and Adaptive Hypermedia techniques
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital Libraries
Modeling transactional queries via templates
ECIR'12 Proceedings of the 34th European conference on Advances in Information Retrieval
Classifying web search queries to identify high revenue generating customers
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Natural language technology and query expansion: issues, state-of-the-art and perspectives
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
Deriving query intents from web search engine queries
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
The wisdom of advertisers: mining subgoals via query clustering
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Measuring website similarity using an entity-aware click graph
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
PhotoFall: discovering weblog stories through photographs
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Using site-level connections to estimate link confidence
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Search intent discovery by structurization of community QA contents
WISE'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Web Information Systems Engineering
Improving large-scale search engines with semantic annotations
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Learning joint query interpretation and response ranking
Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web
"Piaf" vs "Adele": classifying encyclopedic queries using automatically labeled training data
Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Open Research Areas in Information Retrieval
Classifying queries submitted to a vertical search engine
Proceedings of the 3rd International Web Science Conference
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing
When do people use query suggestion? A query suggestion log analysis
Information Retrieval
An empirical analysis of user evaluation factors on attitude and intention of using a search engine
International Journal of Business Information Systems
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In this paper, we define and present a comprehensive classification of user intent for Web searching. The classification consists of three hierarchical levels of informational, navigational, and transactional intent. After deriving attributes of each, we then developed a software application that automatically classified queries using a Web search engine log of over a million and a half queries submitted by several hundred thousand users. Our findings show that more than 80% of Web queries are informational in nature, with about 10% each being navigational and transactional. In order to validate the accuracy of our algorithm, we manually coded 400 queries and compared the results from this manual classification to the results determined by the automated method. This comparison showed that the automatic classification has an accuracy of 74%. Of the remaining 25% of the queries, the user intent is vague or multi-faceted, pointing to the need for probabilistic classification. We discuss how search engines can use knowledge of user intent to provide more targeted and relevant results in Web searching.