A hybrid text classification approach for analysis of student essays
HLT-NAACL-EDUC '03 Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 03 workshop on Building educational applications using natural language processing - Volume 2
Data Mining
Natural Language Engineering
Automatic Generation of Fine-Grained Representations of Learner Response Semantics
ITS '08 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Text-to-text semantic similarity for automatic short answer grading
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Classification errors in a domain-independent assessment system
EANL '08 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications
A corpus of fine-grained entailment relations
RTE '07 Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing
An autonomous assessment system based on combined latent semantic kernels
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A comparison of human and computer marking of short free-text student responses
Computers & Education
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies - Volume 1
Measuring semantic relatedness using multilingual representations
SemEval '12 Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics - Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation
University_of_Sheffield: two approaches to semantic text similarity
SemEval '12 Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics - Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation
Automatic grading of scientific inquiry
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
Short answer assessment: establishing links between research strands
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
Evaluating the meaning of answers to reading comprehension questions a semantics-based approach
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
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Our aim is to investigate computational linguistics (CL) techniques in marking short free text responses automatically. Successful automatic marking of free text answers would seem to presuppose an advanced level of performance in automated natural language understanding. However, recent advances in CL techniques have opened up the possibility of being able to automate the marking of free text responses typed into a computer without having to create systems that fully understand the answers. This paper describes some of the techniques we have tried so far vis-à-vis this problem with results, discussion and description of the main issues encountered.1