Application of the Karhunen-Loeve Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Example-Based Learning for View-Based Human Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
How Should We RepresentFaces for Automatic Recognition?
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Data mining: concepts and techniques
Data mining: concepts and techniques
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition: Features Versus Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components for Face Recognition
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
A Feature-Based Face Recognition System
ICIAP '03 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Face Recognition Vendor Test 2002
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Face recognition: A literature survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Gabor-Based Kernel PCA with Fractional Power Polynomial Models for Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Robust real-time face tracker for cluttered environments
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Recent advances in visual and infrared face recognition: a review
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Automatic gait recognition based on statistical shape analysis
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Individual discriminative face recognition models based on subsets of features
SCIA'07 Proceedings of the 15th Scandinavian conference on Image analysis
Face image retrieval system using TFV and combination of subimages
VISUAL'07 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Advances in visual information systems
Image ratio features for facial expression recognition application
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on game theory
Block-wise 2D kernel PCA/LDA for face recognition
Information Processing Letters
Robust human authentication using appearance and holistic anthropometric features
Pattern Recognition Letters
Anthropometric 3D Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Nearest-neighbor search algorithms on non-Euclidean manifolds for computer vision applications
Proceedings of the Seventh Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
Subspace-based holistic registration for low-resolution facial images
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
3D human face description: landmarks measures and geometrical features
Image and Vision Computing
Age invariant face verification with relative craniofacial growth model
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part VI
Face registration: evaluating generative models for automatic dense landmarking of the face
IScIDE'12 Proceedings of the third Sino-foreign-interchange conference on Intelligent Science and Intelligent Data Engineering
Hi-index | 0.00 |
This paper evaluates how biologically meaningful landmarks and their geometry extracted from face images can be used for face recognition. The traditional Procrustes distance is studied for the landmark-based face model. By using complex principal component analysis, we propose a refined Procrustes distance that incorporates statistical correlation of landmarks. Motivated by research results from art, anthropology, and aesthetic surgery where ratios play a significant role in human face descriptions, we also investigate how well-normalized Euclidean distances (special ratios) can be exploited for face recognition. Exploiting symmetry and using principal component analysis, we reduce the number of ratios to 20. In this investigation, we analyze the effectiveness of three well-known similarity measures including the typical l"1 norm, l"2 norm, and Mahalanobis distance. We also define a new similarity measure called the eigenvalue-weighted cosine (EWC) distance. We evaluate our approach using two standard face databases: the Purdue AR and the FERET database. The former has well-controlled face images and we use it to test the reliability of landmarks. The FERET database is used for performance evaluation of face recognition algorithms. This papers use a performance measure called the cumulative match score, which indicates the percentage of faces that can be eliminated from consideration. Experimental results show that our EWC distance outperforms the l"1 and l"2 norms and even the Mahalanobis distance. Our study also finds that landmarks and their geometry-based approach can account for variations of face expression and aging very well. Thus, they can be used either in stand-alone mode or in conjunction with other approaches to reduce the search space a priori.