Surface shape and curvature scales
Image and Vision Computing
COSMOS-A Representation Scheme for 3D Free-Form Objects
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D Scenes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume I - Volume I
Robust Face Detection Using the Hausdorff Distance
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Improving the Detection Performance in Semi-automatic Landmark Extraction
MICCAI '99 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
MICCAI '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Enhancing Human Face Detection Using Motion and Active Contours
ACCV '98 Proceedings of the Third Asian Conference on Computer Vision-Volume I - Volume I
Localization of 3D Anatomical Point Landmarks in 3D Tomographic Images Using Deformable Models
MICCAI '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Online Facial Expression Recognition Based on Personalized Galleries
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
COSMOS-a representation scheme for free-form surfaces
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Recognition of 3D Free-Form Objects
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume I - Volume 7270
Object Recognition from Local Scale-Invariant Features
ICCV '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision-Volume 2 - Volume 2
Structural Object Recognition Using Shape-from-Shading
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on Face recognition
Real time facial expression recognition in video using support vector machines
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Semi-supervised learning for facial expression recognition
MIR '03 Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGMM international workshop on Multimedia information retrieval
Real Time Facial Expression Recognition with Adaboost
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
Handbook of Face Recognition
Three-Dimensional Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
On the Euclidean Distance of Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Detection of Anchor Points for 3D Face Veri.cation
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
Strategies and Benefits of Fusion of 2D and 3D Face Recognition
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
Matching 2.5D Face Scans to 3D Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Feature-Based Detection of Facial Landmarks from Neutral and Expressive Facial Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Landmark Paper in Face Recognition
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Automatic Feature Extraction for Multiview 3D Face Recognition
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
3D Facial Expression Recognition Based on Primitive Surface Feature Distribution
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Combining local features for robust nose location in 3D facial data
Pattern Recognition Letters
3D face detection using curvature analysis
Pattern Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Authentic facial expression analysis
Image and Vision Computing
Static topographic modeling for facial expression recognition and analysis
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Faceprint: Fusion of Local Features for 3D Face Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Landmark Localisation in 3D Face Data
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
Compact Signatures for 3D Face Recognition under Varying Expressions
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
How effective are landmarks and their geometry for face recognition?
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
3-D face detection, landmark localization, and registration using a point distribution model
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Point-pair descriptors for 3D facial landmark localisation
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Partial matching of interpose 3D facial data for face recognition
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Evaluation of expression recognition techniques
CIVR'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Image and video retrieval
Expression-invariant 3D face recognition
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
3D-aided profile-based face recognition
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Anthropometric 3D Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Using Facial Symmetry to Handle Pose Variations in Real-World 3D Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
3D face recognition based on facial shape indexes with dynamic programming
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Robust expression-invariant face recognition from partially missing data
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Local feature based 3d face recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Multi-scale keypoints in v1 and face detection
BVAI'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Brain, Vision, and Artificial Intelligence
3D facial feature localization for registration
MRCS'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Multimedia Content Representation, Classification and Security
Bilinear Models for 3-D Face and Facial Expression Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
3-D Face Recognition With the Geodesic Polar Representation
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security - Part 2
Facial expression recognition using kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCA)
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Automatic 3D facial region retrieval from multi-pose facial datasets
EG 3DOR'09 Proceedings of the 2nd Eurographics conference on 3D Object Retrieval
Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances
ICIAR'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Editorial: 3D facial behaviour analysis and understanding
Image and Vision Computing
Seeing through the face: a morphological approach in physical anthropology
Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Facial Analysis and Animation
Partial retrieval of CAD models based on local surface region decomposition
Computer-Aided Design
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Distance measures and geometrical features are widely used to describe faces. Generally, they are extracted punctually from landmarks, namely anthropometric reference points. The aims are various, such as face recognition, facial expression recognition, face detection, study of changes in facial morphology due to growth, or dysmorphologies. Most of the time, landmarks were extracted with the help of an algorithm or manually located on the faces. Then, measures are computed or geometrical features are extracted to perform the scope of the study. This paper is intended as a survey collecting and explaining all these features, in order to provide a structured user database of the potential parameters and their characteristics. Firstly, facial soft-tissue landmarks are defined and contextualized; then the various measures are introduced and some results are given; lastly, the most important measures are compared to identify the best one for face recognition applications.