Active vision
An inhibitory beam for attentional selection
Proceedings of the 1991 York conference on Spacial vision in humans and robots
Modeling visual attention via selective tuning
Artificial Intelligence - Special volume on computer vision
A Model of Saliency-Based Visual Attention for Rapid Scene Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Attentional scene segmentation: integrating depth and motion
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Data- and Model-Driven Gaze Control for an Active-Vision System
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Saliency, Scale and Image Description
International Journal of Computer Vision
Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness
Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness
Contextual Priming for Object Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Attentional Strategies for Object Recognition
IWANN '99 Proceedings of the International Work-Conference on Artificial and Natural Neural Networks: Foundations and Tools for Neural Modeling
Visual Attention Using Game Theory
BMCV '02 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Biologically Motivated Computer Vision
Object-based visual attention for computer vision
Artificial Intelligence
Computing Visual Attention from Scene Depth
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Integrating context-free and context-dependent attentional mechanisms for gestural object reference
Machine Vision and Applications
An Attentional Framework for Stereo Vision
CRV '05 Proceedings of the 2nd Canadian conference on Computer and Robot Vision
Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information
How Close Are We to Understanding V1?
Neural Computation
VOCUS: A Visual Attention System for Object Detection and Goal-Directed Search (Lecture Notes in Computer Science / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)
An Integrated Model of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Attention for Optimizing Detection Speed
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Applying computational tools to predict gaze direction in interactive visual environments
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Attention links sensing to recognition
Image and Vision Computing
Local invariant feature detectors: a survey
Foundations and Trends® in Computer Graphics and Vision
From bottom-Up visual attention to robot action learning
DEVLRN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 8th International Conference on Development and Learning
A context-dependent attention system for a social robot
IJCAI'99 Proceedings of the 16th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Multi-modal and multi-camera attention in smart environments
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue: Attention and performance in computer vision
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue: Attention and performance in computer vision
A Bimodal Laser-Based Attention System
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue: Attention and performance in computer vision
Evaluation of selective attention under similarity transformations
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue: Attention and performance in computer vision
Biologically inspired mobile robot vision localization
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
ICRA'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Robotics and Automation
A high-speed multi-GPU implementation of bottom-up attention using CUDA
ICRA'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Robotics and Automation
Autonomous switching of top-down and bottom-up attention selection for vision guided mobile robots
IROS'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/RSJ international conference on Intelligent robots and systems
An Active Vision System for Detecting, Fixating and Manipulating Objects in the Real World
International Journal of Robotics Research
Selective tuning: feature binding through selective attention
ICANN'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks - Volume Part II
Goal-directed search with a top-down modulated computational attention system
PR'05 Proceedings of the 27th DAGM conference on Pattern Recognition
Attentive object detection using an information theoretic saliency measure
WAPCV'04 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Attention and Performance in Computational Vision
Attentional Landmarks and Active Gaze Control for Visual SLAM
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
Automatic foveation for video compression using a neurobiological model of visual attention
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A biologically-inspired vision architecture for resource-constrained intelligent vehicles
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Focusing computational visual attention in multi-modal human-robot interaction
International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces and the Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
A software behaviour analysis framework based on the human perception systems (NIER track)
Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering
Images as sets of locally weighted features
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Increasing the security of gaze-based cued-recall graphical passwords using saliency masks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Saliency filtering of SIFT detectors: application to CBIR
ACIVS'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems
Quaternion-Based spectral saliency detection for eye fixation prediction
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Bayesian modeling of visual attention
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part II
Combining eye-tracking technologies with web usage mining for identifying Website Keyobjects
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Virtual photograph based saliency analysis of high dynamic range images
Proceedings of the Symposium on Computational Aesthetics
FOCUS: a usable & effective approach to OLED display power management
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
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Based on concepts of the human visual system, computational visual attention systems aim to detect regions of interest in images. Psychologists, neurobiologists, and computer scientists have investigated visual attention thoroughly during the last decades and profited considerably from each other. However, the interdisciplinarity of the topic holds not only benefits but also difficulties: Concepts of other fields are usually hard to access due to differences in vocabulary and lack of knowledge of the relevant literature. This article aims to bridge this gap and bring together concepts and ideas from the different research areas. It provides an extensive survey of the grounding psychological and biological research on visual attention as well as the current state of the art of computational systems. Furthermore, it presents a broad range of applications of computational attention systems in fields like computer vision, cognitive systems, and mobile robotics. We conclude with a discussion on the limitations and open questions in the field.