An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system
Communications of the ACM
VAGUE: a user interface to relational databases that permits vague queries
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Formative design evaluation of superbook
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
A behavioural model for information retrieval system design
Journal of Information Science
Envisioning information
Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A self-organizing semantic map for information retrieval
SIGIR '91 Proceedings of the 14th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
On the evaluation of IR systems
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue on evaluation issues in information retrieval
Braque: design of an interface to support user interaction in information retrieval
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue on hypertext and information retrieval
Information seeking in electronic environments
Information seeking in electronic environments
Information processing in the context of medical care
SIGIR '95 Proceedings of the 18th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Information foraging in information access environments
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Reexamining the cluster hypothesis: scatter/gather on retrieval results
SIGIR '96 Proceedings of the 19th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Time, relevance and interaction modelling for information retrieval
Proceedings of the 20th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Designing information-abundant web sites: issues and recommendations
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: World Wide Web usability
Readings in information retrieval
Information space representation in interactive systems: relationship to spatial abilities
Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries
Considerations for information environments and the NaviQue workspace
Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries
WebTOC: a tool to visualize and quantify Web sites using a hierarchical table of contents browser
CHI 98 Cconference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
MULTIMEDIA '98 Proceedings of the sixth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Text retrieval and filtering: analytic models of performance
Text retrieval and filtering: analytic models of performance
Authoring animated Web pages using “contact points”
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical evaluation of user interfaces for topic management of Web sites
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Internet browsing and searching: user evaluations of category map and concept space techniques
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue: artificial intelligence techniques for emerging information systems applications
Visualization of search results: a comparative evaluation of text, 2D, and 3D interfaces
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Grouper: a dynamic clustering interface to Web search results
WWW '99 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on World Wide Web
Interface and data architecture for query preview in networked information systems
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Analysis of a very large web search engine query log
ACM SIGIR Forum
Bringing order to the Web: automatically categorizing search results
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Visualizing digital library search results with categorical and hierarchical axes
DL '00 Proceedings of the fifth ACM conference on Digital libraries
IR evaluation methods for retrieving highly relevant documents
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
New paradigms in information visualization (poster session)
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Three dimensional visualization of the World Wide Web
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Web search behavior of Internet experts and newbies
Proceedings of the 9th international World Wide Web conference on Computer networks : the international journal of computer and telecommunications netowrking
A practical query-by-humming system for a large music database
MULTIMEDIA '00 Proceedings of the eighth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Information retrieval on the web
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
An initial examination of ease of use for 2D and 3D information visualizations of Web content
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Empirical evaluation of information visualizations
Using thumbnails to search the Web
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Optimizing search by showing results in context
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Polyarchy visualization: visualizing multiple intersecting hierarchies
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Information discovery from complementary literatures: categorizing viruses as potential weapons
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Visual based retrieval systems and web mining
Benefits of document maps for text access in knowledge management: a comparative study
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Web Work: Information Seeking and Knowledge Work on the World Wide Web
Web Work: Information Seeking and Knowledge Work on the World Wide Web
Self-Organizing Maps
Finding relevant documents using top ranking sentences: an evaluation of two alternative schemes
SIGIR '02 Proceedings of the 25th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Finding the flow in web site search
Communications of the ACM
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Faceted metadata for image search and browsing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GeoVIBE: A Visual Interface for Geographic Digital Libraries
Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries [JCDL 2002 Workshop]
3D or not 3D: Is it Nobler in the Mind?
HCI '96 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XI
Query Previews in Networked Information Systems
ADL '96 Proceedings of the 3rd International Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries
ACM SIGIR Forum
Animation of user algorithms on the Web
VL '97 Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL '97)
Visualising sequences of queries: a new tool for information retrieval
IV '97 Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Information Visualisation
H3: laying out large directed graphs in 3D hyperbolic space
INFOVIS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis '97)
Automatic image annotation and retrieval using cross-media relevance models
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Mining longitudinal web queries: trends and patterns
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Hierarchical data visualization in desktop virtual reality
Hierarchical data visualization in desktop virtual reality
Why Not Make Interfaces Better than 3D Reality?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (4th Edition)
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (4th Edition)
The added value of task and ontology-based markup for information retrieval
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
WaveLens: a new view onto Internet search results
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Machine learning for information architecture in a large governmental website
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Enhancing usability in CITIDEL: multimodal, multilingual, and interactive visualization interfaces
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Learning to cluster web search results
Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Hourly analysis of a very large topically categorized web query log
Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Eye-tracking analysis of user behavior in WWW search
Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Mining massive document collections by the WEBSOM method
Information Sciences: an International Journal - Special issue: Soft computing data mining
Swoogle: a search and metadata engine for the semantic web
Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
EBizPort: collecting and analyzing business intelligence information
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
BEST PAPER: A Knowledge Task-Based Framework for Design and Evaluation of Information Visualizations
INFOVIS '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
Findex: search result categories help users when document ranking fails
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The indexable web is more than 11.5 billion pages
WWW '05 Special interest tracks and posters of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
Evaluation and evolution of a browse and search interface: Relation Browser++
dg.o '05 Proceedings of the 2005 national conference on Digital government research
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Conceptual framework for tasks in information studies: Book Reviews
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
An Ontology Search Engine Based on Semantic Analysis
ICITA '05 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05) Volume 2 - Volume 02
The evolving mSpace platform: leveraging the semantic web on the trail of the memex
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
Information Systems Frontiers
Ontology ranking based on the analysis of concept structures
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Knowledge capture
Connecting topics in document collections with stepping stones and pathways
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Communications of the ACM - Supporting exploratory search
Exploratory search: from finding to understanding
Communications of the ACM - Supporting exploratory search
mSpace: improving information access to multimedia domains with multimodal exploratory search
Communications of the ACM - Supporting exploratory search
Dogear: Social bookmarking in the enterprise
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Categorizing web search results into meaningful and stable categories using fast-feature techniques
Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
The influence of task and gender on search and evaluation behavior using Google
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Harvesting social knowledge from folksonomies
Proceedings of the seventeenth conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
The Visual Exploration ofWeb Search Results Using HotMap
IV '06 Proceedings of the conference on Information Visualization
Phosphor: explaining transitions in the user interface using afterglow effects
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Evaluation campaigns and TRECVid
MIR '06 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international workshop on Multimedia information retrieval
Network Visualization by Semantic Substrates
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Microformats: Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0
Microformats: Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0
What are you looking for?: an eye-tracking study of information usage in web search
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Investigating behavioral variability in web search
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
Exhibit: lightweight structured data publishing
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
Cha-Cha: a system for organizing intranet search results
USITS'99 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems - Volume 2
Effects of structure and interaction style on distinct search tasks
Proceedings of the 7th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Towards task-based personal information management evaluations
SIGIR '07 Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Continuum: designing timelines for hierarchies, relationships and scale
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The folksonomy tag cloud: when is it useful?
Journal of Information Science
Users can change their web search tactics: Design guidelines for categorized overviews
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Model-driven formative evaluation of exploratory search: A study under a sensemaking framework
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Exploring multi-session web tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A survey of collaborative web search practices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A longitudinal study of exploratory and keyword search
Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
The relation browser tool for faceted exploratory search
Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Backward highlighting: enhancing faceted search
Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Signpost from the masses: learning effects in an exploratory social tag search browser
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploring websites through contextual facets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Visual snippets: summarizing web pages for search and revisitation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploratory Search
What do exploratory searchers look at in a faceted search interface?
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Evaluating advanced search interfaces using established information-seeking models
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
When more is less: the paradox of choice in search engine use
Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Nearly-automated metadata hierarchy creation
HLT-NAACL-Short '04 Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2004: Short Papers
Search User Interfaces
Exploring personal media: A spatial interface supporting user-defined semantic regions
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Faceted Search
Information retrieval in folksonomies: search and ranking
ESWC'06 Proceedings of the 3rd European conference on The Semantic Web: research and applications
/facet: a browser for heterogeneous semantic web repositories
ISWC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on The Semantic Web
Semantic annotation of images and videos for multimedia analysis
ESWC'05 Proceedings of the Second European conference on The Semantic Web: research and Applications
Factors affecting click-through behavior in aggregated search interfaces
CIKM '10 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
From exploratory search to web search and back
PIKM '10 Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on Ph.D. students in information and knowledge management
Toward a model of interaction for complex search tasks
Proceedings of the fourth workshop on Exploiting semantic annotations in information retrieval
SWiPE: searching wikipedia by example
Proceedings of the 21st international conference companion on World Wide Web
Multimedia Tools and Applications
SWSNL: Semantic Web Search Using Natural Language
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Is visualization usable for displaying web search results in an exploratory search context?
PROMISE'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Information Retrieval Meets Information Visualization
Learnability and perceived benefits of parallel faceted browsing: two user studies
Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Intelligent Exploration of Semantic Data
Information seeking in digital cultural heritage with PATHS
Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Supporting semantic web search and structured queries on mobile devices
Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Semantic Search Over the Web
Social discovery in an information abundant world: Designing to create capacity and seek solutions
Information Services and Use - NFAIS 2011 and APE 2011
Social discovery in an information abundant world: Designing to create capacity and seek solutions
Information Services and Use - NFAIS 2011 and APE 2011
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This monograph is directed at researchers and developers who are designing the next generation of web search user interfaces, by focusing on the techniques and visualizations that allow users to interact with and have control over their findings. Search is one of the keys to the Web's success. The elegant way in which search results are returned has been well researched and is usually remarkably effective. However, the body of work produced by decades of research into information retrieval continues to grow rapidly and so it has become hard to synthesize the current state-of-the-art to produce a search interface that is both highly functional, but not cluttered and distracting. Further, recent work has shown that there is substantial room for improving the support provided to users who are exhibiting more exploratory forms of search, including when users may need to learn, discover, and understand novel or complex topics. Overall, there is a recognized need for search systems to provide effective user experiences that do more than simply return results. With the aim of producing more effective search interfaces, human computer interaction researchers and web designers have been developing novel interactions and features that enable users to conveniently visualize, parse, manipulate, and organize their Web search results. For instance, while a simple set of results may produce specific information (e.g., the capital of Peru), other methods may let users see and explore the contexts of their requests for information (more about the country, city, and nearby attractions), or the properties that associate groups of information assets (grouping hotels, restaurants, and attractions by their type, district, or price). Other techniques support information-seeking processes that may last weeks or months or may even require collaboration between multiple searchers. The choice of relevant result visualization strategies in new search systems should reflect the searchers and the higher-level information needs that motivate their searches. These examples provide further motivation for supporting designers, who are challenged to synthesize and understand the breadth of advances in search, so that they can determine the benefits of varied strategies and apply them appropriately to build better systems. To support researchers and designers in synthesizing and understanding the advances in search, this monograph offers a structured means to think about web search result visualization, based on an inclusive model of search that integrates information retrieval, information seeking and a higher-level context of tasks and goals. We examine each of these levels of search in a survey of advances in browsers and related tools by defining search-related cognitive processes and analyzing innovative design approaches. We then discuss evaluations at each of these levels of search, presenting significant results and identifying both the traditional and novel means used to produce them. Based on this examination, we propose a taxonomy of search result visualization techniques that can be used to identify gaps for future research and as a reference for designers of next generation web search systems.