A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Statistical color models with application to skin detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Skin Detection in Video under Changing Illumination Conditions
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
An Algorithm for Real Time Eye Detection in Face Images
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
Skin Segmentation Using Color Pixel Classification: Analysis and Comparison
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial Feature Detection and Tracking with Automatic Template Selection
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Face Recognition based on a 3D Morphable Model
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Learning Local Objective Functions for Robust Face Model Fitting
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Head Pose Estimation in Computer Vision: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Locating and extracting the eye in human face images
Pattern Recognition
Feature harvesting for tracking-by-detection
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Segmentation of color lip images by spatial fuzzy clustering
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
Lip image segmentation using fuzzy clustering incorporating an elliptic shape function
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Automatic detection of facial feature points via HOGs and geometric prior models
IbPRIA'11 Proceedings of the 5th Iberian conference on Pattern recognition and image analysis
Face model fitting with learned displacement experts and multi-band images
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis
Wide range face pose estimation by modelling the 3D arrangement of robustly detectable sub-parts
CAIP'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Computer analysis of images and patterns - Volume Part II
Facial expressions in American sign language: Tracking and recognition
Pattern Recognition
Face model fitting with learned displacement experts and multi-band images
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis
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Within the last decade increasing computing power and the scientific advancement of algorithms allowed the analysis of various aspects of human faces such as facial expression estimation [20], head pose estimation [17], person identification [2] or face model fitting [31]. Today, computer scientists can use a bunch of different techniques to approach this challenge [4,29,3,17,9,21]. However, each of them still has to deal with non-perfect accuracy or high execution times. This is mainly because the extraction of descriptive features is challenging in real-world scenarios to any image understanding application. In this paper, we consider the extraction of more descriptive information from the image for face analysis tasks. Our approach automatically determines a set of characteristics that describe the conditions of the entire image. They are based on semantic information that describes the location of facial components, such as skin, lips, eyes, and brows. From these image characteristics, pixel features are determined that are highly tuned to the task of interpreting images of human faces. The extracted features are applied to train pixel-based classifiers, which is the straight-forward approach because this task suffers from high intra-class and small inter-class color variations due to changing context conditions such as the person's ethnic group or lighting condition. In contrast, more elaborate classifiers that additionally consider shape or region features are not real-time capable. The success of this approach relies on the fact that we do not manually select the calculation rules but we provide a multitude of features of various kinds, both color-related and space-related. A Machine Learning algorithm then decides which of them are important and which are not rendering the approach fast due to its pixel-based nature and accurate due to the highly descriptive features the same time.