Introduction to statistical pattern recognition (2nd ed.)
Introduction to statistical pattern recognition (2nd ed.)
C4.5: programs for machine learning
C4.5: programs for machine learning
Detection of regions matching specified chromatic features
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Neural Network-Based Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Detection of Human Nudes
International Journal of Computer Vision - 1998 Marr Prize
Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory: Radar-Sonar Signal Processing and Gaussian Signals in Noise
System for Screening Objectionable Images Using Daubechies' Wavelets and Color Histograms
IDMS '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Interactive Distributed Multimedia Systems and Telecommunication Services
Skin-Color Modeling and Adaptation
ACCV '98 Proceedings of the Third Asian Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II
Distinguishing photographs and graphics on the World Wide Web
CAIVL '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Libraries (CBAIVL '97)
Parametrized structure from motion for 3D adaptive feedback tracking of faces
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Pedestrian Detection Using Wavelet Templates
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
FG '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG '96)
Face detection by fuzzy pattern matching
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Indexing Colored Surfaces in Images
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume III-Volume 7276 - Volume 7276
On-line object tracking for colour video analysis
Real-Time Imaging
Skin Segmentation Using Color Pixel Classification: Analysis and Comparison
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Multimodal Group Actions in Meetings
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Simultaneous Localization and Recognition of Dynamic Hand Gestures
WACV-MOTION '05 Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Motion and Video Computing (WACV/MOTION'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Multimedia surveillance systems
Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Video surveillance & sensor networks
Detecting and removing specularities in facial images
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods
Pattern Recognition
Tracking hand and finger movements for behaviour analysis
Pattern Recognition Letters
A system for automatic face obscuration for privacy purposes
Pattern Recognition Letters
Fuzzy fusion for skin detection
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
Tracking hand and finger movements for behaviour analysis
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue on vision for crime detection and prevention
A system for automatic face obscuration for privacy purposes
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue on vision for crime detection and prevention
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic speechreading with applications to human-computer interfaces
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Authors vs. readers: a comparative study of document metadata and content in the www
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Document engineering
Objective evaluation of approaches of skin detection using ROC analysis
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Task-based evaluation of skin detection for communication and perceptual interfaces
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Region saliency as a measure for colour segmentation stability
Image and Vision Computing
Robust hand tracking in low-resolution video sequences
ACST'07 Proceedings of the third conference on IASTED International Conference: Advances in Computer Science and Technology
Audiovisual head orientation estimation with particle filtering in multisensor scenarios
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
A committee machine scheme for feature map fusion under uncertainty: the face detection case
International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications
Saliency model-based face segmentation and tracking in head-and-shoulder video sequences
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Definition and recovery of kinematic features for recognition of American sign language movements
Image and Vision Computing
Image and Vision Computing
Head Orientation Estimation Using Particle Filtering in Multiview Scenarios
Multimodal Technologies for Perception of Humans
AMDO '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
Dynamic Skin Detection in Color Images for Sign Language Recognition
ICISP '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Image and Signal Processing
ICIC '08 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Computing: Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications - with Aspects of Theoretical and Methodological Issues
An adaptive multiple model approach for fast content-based skin detection in on-line videos
AREA '08 Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Analysis and retrieval of events/actions and workflows in video streams
Face detection and recognition of natural human emotion using Markov random fields
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Robust multimodal audio---visual processing for advanced context awareness in smart spaces
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
One-handed interaction with augmented virtual objects on mobile devices
VRCAI '08 Proceedings of The 7th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Gesture Recognition for a Webcam-Controlled First Person Shooter
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing, Part II
Lighting Independent Skin Tone Detection Using Neural Networks
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
Learning Fast Emulators of Binary Decision Processes
International Journal of Computer Vision
The current feasibility of gesture recognition for a smartphone using J2ME
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing
A skin detection approach based on color distance map
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Real-Time Model-Based Hand Localization for Unsupervised Palmar Image Acquisition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Region Classification for Robust Floor Detection in Indoor Environments
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Detecting pornographic video content by combining image features with motion information
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Adaptive, selective, automatic tonal enhancement of faces
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Locating nose-tips and estimating head poses in images by tensorposes
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Generalized Gaussian density for skin detection in DCT domai
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Detecting and removing specularities in facial images
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
FaceSeg: automatic face segmentation for real-time video
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Robust hand detection for augmented reality interface
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
On the performance of kernel methods for skin color segmentation
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
Which Shape Representation Is the Best for Real-Time Hand Interface System?
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part I
A Framework for Long Distance Face Recognition Using Dense - and Sparse-Stereo Reconstruction
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part I
Skin Paths for Contextual Flagging Adult Videos
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II
Hand posture recognition in video using multiple cues
ICME'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Multimedia and Expo
Face validation using 3d information from single calibrated camera
DSP'09 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Digital Signal Processing
Detecting load conditions in human walking using expectation maximization and neural networks
IJCNN'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international joint conference on Neural Networks
Skin detection for single images using dynamic skin color modeling
Pattern Recognition
Eyes location by regional features and knowledge matching for driver fatigue detection
CCDC'09 Proceedings of the 21st annual international conference on Chinese control and decision conference
Adjusted pixel features for robust facial component classification
Image and Vision Computing
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Color text image binarization based on binary texture analysis
Pattern Recognition Letters
Color text image binarization based on binary texture analysis
Pattern Recognition Letters
2D person tracking using Kalman filtering and adaptive background learning in a feedback loop
CLEAR'06 Proceedings of the 1st international evaluation conference on Classification of events, activities and relationships
The AIT outdoors tracking system for pedestrians and vehicles
CLEAR'06 Proceedings of the 1st international evaluation conference on Classification of events, activities and relationships
Evaluation of head pose estimation for studio data
CLEAR'06 Proceedings of the 1st international evaluation conference on Classification of events, activities and relationships
A region-based skin color detection algorithm
PAKDD'07 Proceedings of the 11th Pacific-Asia conference on Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining
VICs: a modular vision-based HCI framework
ICVS'03 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Computer vision systems
Segmentation of distinct homogeneous color regions in images
CAIP'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer analysis of images and patterns
Palmprint recognition under unconstrained scenes
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part II
Statistical classification of skin color pixels from MPEG videos
ACIVS'07 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems
Tracking of human hands and faces through probabilistic fusion of multiple visual cues
ICVS'08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Computer vision systems
A data-mining based skin detection method in JPEG compressed domain
FSKD'09 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery - Volume 5
A combined skin model and feature approach for tracking of human faces
CIRA'09 Proceedings of the 8th IEEE international conference on Computational intelligence in robotics and automation
Skin and non-skin probability approximation based on discriminative tree distribution
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Energy-based blob analysis for improving precision of skin segmentation
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Learning Photometric Invariance for Object Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
CBIR system for detecting and blocking adult images
SIP'10 Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS international conference on Signal processing
Real-time 3D pointing gesture recognition for mobile robots with cascade HMM and particle filter
Image and Vision Computing
Effect of colorspace transformation, the illuminance component, and color modeling on skin detection
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
A real time vision-based hand gestures recognition system
ISICA'10 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Advances in computation and intelligence
Colour image segmentation in various illumination circumstances
CSECS '10 Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS international conference on Circuits, systems, electronics, control & signal processing
Universal seed skin segmentation
ISVC'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
Skin detection using neighborhood information
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
SafeVchat: detecting obscene content and misbehaving users in online video chat services
Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web
Skin segmentation based face tracking independent of lighting conditions
Proceedings of the International Conference & Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology
A shared parameter model for gesture and sub-gesture analysis
IWCIA'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Combinatorial image analysis
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Recognition of adult images, videos, and web page bags
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP) - Special section on ACM multimedia 2010 best paper candidates, and issue on social media
Personalized portraits ranking
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Information Security Tech. Report
Color based skin classification
Pattern Recognition Letters
Attractor-Guided particle filtering for lip contour tracking
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Efficient misbehaving user detection in online video chat services
Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining
Fast adaptive skin detection in JPEG images
PCM'05 Proceedings of the 6th Pacific-Rim conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - Volume Part II
Accurate and efficient gesture spotting via pruning and subgesture reasoning
ICCV'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction
Skin detection in videos in the spatial-range domain
ICIAP'05 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Comparing gesture recognition accuracy using color and depth information
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments
Fingerspelling recognition through classification of letter-to-letter transitions
ACCV'09 Proceedings of the 9th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems
Objectionable image detection by ASSOM competition
CIVR'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image and Video Retrieval
A skin detection approach based on the Dempster--Shafer theory of evidence
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
A modular approach to gesture recognition for interaction with a domestic service robot
ICIRA'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications - Volume Part II
Efficient skin detection under severe illumination changes and shadows
ICIRA'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications - Volume Part II
Finding suits in images of people
MMM'12 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Advances in Multimedia Modeling
RGB-D based multi-attribute people search in intelligent visual surveillance
MMM'12 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Advances in Multimedia Modeling
Profanity use in online communities
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A line-based palm-top detector for mobile augmented reality
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Human behavior analysis from video data using bag-of-gestures
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Three
Deriving a discriminative color model for a given object class from weakly labeled training data
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval
Scalable misbehavior detection in online video chat services
Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Texture analysis for skin probability maps refinement
MCPR'12 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican conference on Pattern Recognition
Digital Signal Processing
Pornography detection in video benefits (a lot) from a multi-modal approach
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international workshop on Audio and multimedia methods for large-scale video analysis
Skin detection using color and distance transform
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
A comparative study on illumination preprocessing in face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Towards independent color space selection for human skin detection
PCM'12 Proceedings of the 13th Pacific-Rim conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
Real-time hand interaction for augmented reality on mobile phones
Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Realtime pointing gesture recognition and applications in multi-user interaction
ACIIDS'13 Proceedings of the 5th Asian conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems - Volume Part I
Computational strategies for skin detection
CCIW'13 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational Color Imaging
Towards automatic object annotations from global image labels
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on International conference on multimedia retrieval
SafeVchat: A System for Obscene Content Detection in Online Video Chat Services
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
Robust hand tracking in realtime using a single head-mounted RGB camera
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
Skin detection by dual maximization of detectors agreement for video monitoring
Pattern Recognition Letters
Crop segmentation from images by morphology modeling in the CIE L*a*b* color space
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Adaptive method for improvement of human skin detection in colour images
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
SalientShape: group saliency in image collections
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
A survey on visual adult image recognition
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Systematic skin segmentation: merging spatial and non-spatial data
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Optical Memory and Neural Networks
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The existence of large image datasets such as the set of photos on the World Wide Web make it possible to build powerful generic models for low-level image attributes like color using simple histogram learning techniques. We describe the construction of color models for skin and non-skin classes from a dataset of nearly 1 billion labelled pixels. These classes exhibit a surprising degree of separability which we exploit by building a skin pixel detector achieving a detection rate of 80% with 8.5% false positives. We compare the performance of histogram and mixture models in skin detection and find histogram models to be superior in accuracy and computational cost. Using aggregate features computed from the skin pixel detector we build a surprisingly effective detector for naked people. Our results suggest that color can be a more powerful cue for detecting people in unconstrained imagery than was previously suspected. We believe this work is the most comprehensive and detailed exploration of skin color models to date.