Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Statistical color models with application to skin detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
ECCV '96 Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Skin-Color Modeling and Adaptation
ACCV '98 Proceedings of the Third Asian Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II
Locating Facial Region of a Head-and-Shoulders Color Image
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Estimation of the Illuminant Color from Human Skin Color
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Comparison of Five Color Models in Skin Pixel Classification
RATFG-RTS '99 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems
Skin Color-Based Video Segmentation under Time-Varying Illumination
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Skin Detection: A Bayesian Network Approach
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 2 - Volume 02
Mixture Clustering Using Multidimensional Histograms for Skin Detection
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
Skin Segmentation Using Color Pixel Classification: Analysis and Comparison
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods
Pattern Recognition
Naked image detection based on adaptive and extensible skin color model
Pattern Recognition
Objective evaluation of approaches of skin detection using ROC analysis
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
An adaptive multiple model approach for fast content-based skin detection in on-line videos
AREA '08 Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Analysis and retrieval of events/actions and workflows in video streams
Skin Paths for Contextual Flagging Adult Videos
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II
A 3D-polar coordinate colour representation well adapted to image analysis
SCIA'03 Proceedings of the 13th Scandinavian conference on Image analysis
Face detection using quantized skin color regions merging andwavelet packet analysis
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Support vector machines training data selection using a genetic algorithm
SSPR'12/SPR'12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Towards independent color space selection for human skin detection
PCM'12 Proceedings of the 13th Pacific-Rim conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Processing
Mixture models with skin and shadow probabilities for fingertip input applications
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Skin detection by dual maximization of detectors agreement for video monitoring
Pattern Recognition Letters
Systematic skin segmentation: merging spatial and non-spatial data
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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Skin detection is used in applications ranging from face detection, tracking body parts and hand gesture analysis, to retrieval and blocking objectionable content. In this paper, we investigate and evaluate (1) the effect of color space transformation on skin detection performance and finding the appropriate color space for skin detection, (2) the role of the illuminance component of a color space, (3) the appropriate pixel based skin color modeling technique and finally, (4) the effect of color constancy algorithms on color based skin classification. The comprehensive color space and skin color modeling evaluation will help in the selection of the best combinations for skin detection. Nine skin modeling approaches (AdaBoost, Bayesian network, J48, Multilayer Perceptron, Naive Bayesian, Random Forest, RBF network, SVM and the histogram approach of Jones and Rehg (2002)) in six color spaces (IHLS, HSI, RGB, normalized RGB, YCbCr and CIELAB) with the presence or absence of the illuminance component are compared and evaluated. Moreover, the impact of five color constancy algorithms on skin detection is reported. Results on a database of 8991 images with manually annotated pixel-level ground truth show that (1) the cylindrical color spaces outperform other color spaces, (2) the absence of the illuminance component decreases performance, (3) the selection of an appropriate skin color modeling approach is important and that the tree based classifiers (Random forest, J48) are well suited to pixel based skin detection. As a best combination, the Random Forest combined with the cylindrical color spaces, while keeping the illuminance component outperforms other combinations, and (4) the usage of color constancy algorithms can improve skin detection performance.