The Combination of Evidence in the Transferable Belief Model
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Readings in uncertain reasoning
Readings in uncertain reasoning
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Mixture model for face-color modeling and segmentation
Pattern Recognition Letters
Uncertainty Management in Information Systems: From Needs to Solutions
Uncertainty Management in Information Systems: From Needs to Solutions
Information Retrieval
Evidence Theory and Its Applications
Evidence Theory and Its Applications
Statistical color models with application to skin detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Multiresolution Color Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ECCV '96 Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Coarse to Fine Face Detection Based on Skin Color Adaption
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the International ECCV 2002 Workshop Copenhagen on Biometric Authentication
Performance Evaluation of Single and Multiple-Gaussian Models for Skin Color Modeling
SIBGRAPI '02 Proceedings of the 15th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing
Skin-Color Modeling and Adaptation
ACCV '98 Proceedings of the Third Asian Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II
Multi-Modal Tracking of Faces for Video Communications
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
LAFTER: Lips and Face Real-Time Tracker
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Parametrized structure from motion for 3D adaptive feedback tracking of faces
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Does Colorspace Transformation Make Any Difference on Skin Detection?
WACV '02 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
A New Robust Face Detection in Color Images
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Skin Detection in Video under Changing Illumination Conditions
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
Mixture Clustering Using Multidimensional Histograms for Skin Detection
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
An adaptive skin model and its application to objectionable image filtering
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Skin Segmentation Using Color Pixel Classification: Analysis and Comparison
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods
Pattern Recognition
Pairwise classifier combination using belief functions
Pattern Recognition Letters
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
ICCIMA '07 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA 2007) - Volume 03
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
FaceTracer: A Search Engine for Large Collections of Images with Faces
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part IV
Multi-camera people tracking using evidential filters
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Exploring Strategies for Training Deep Neural Networks
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
A Reliable Skin Detection Using Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence
ICCSA '09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications: Part II
Skin detection for single images using dynamic skin color modeling
Pattern Recognition
Decision making in the TBM: the necessity of the pignistic transformation
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Semigroup structure of singleton Dempster-Shafer evidence accumulation
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Hierarchical and conditional combination of belief functions induced by visual tracking
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Analysis of evidence-theoretic decision rules for pattern classification
Pattern Recognition
LUX color transform for mosaic image rendering
AQTR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (AQTR) - Volume 03
Classifier fusion in the Dempster--Shafer framework using optimized t-norm based combination rules
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Skin detection using neighborhood information
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Face detection using quantized skin color regions merging andwavelet packet analysis
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Classification Using Belief Functions: Relationship Between Case-Based and Model-Based Approaches
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Information combination operators for data fusion: a comparative review with classification
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
A neural network classifier based on Dempster-Shafer theory
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Nonlinear color space and spatiotemporal MRF for hierarchical segmentation of face features in video
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Face segmentation using skin-color map in videophone applications
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A biologically motivated double-opponency approach to illumination invariance
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
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Skin detection is an important step for a wide range of research related to computer vision and image processing and several methods have already been proposed to solve this problem. However, most of these methods suffer from accuracy and reliability problems when they are applied to a variety of images obtained under different conditions. Performance degrades further when fewer training data are available. Besides these issues, some methods require long training times and a significant amount of parameter tuning. Furthermore, most state-of-the-art methods incorporate one or more thresholds, and it is difficult to determine accurate threshold settings to obtain desirable performance. These problems arise mostly because the available training data for skin detection are imprecise and incomplete, which leads to uncertainty in classification. This requires a robust fusion framework to combine available information sources with some degree of certainty. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a fusion-based method termed Dempster-Shafer-based Skin Detection (DSSD). This method uses six prominent skin detection criteria as sources of information (SoI), quantifies their reliabilities (confidences), and then combines their confidences based on the Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) of evidence. We use the DST as it offers a powerful and flexible framework for representing and handling uncertainties in available information and thus helps to overcome the limitations of the current state-of-the-art methods. We have verified this method on a large dataset containing a variety of images, and achieved a 90.17% correct detection rate (CDR). We also demonstrate how DSSD can be used when very little training data are available, achieving a CDR as high as 87.47% while the best result achieved by a Bayesian classifier is only 68.81% on the same dataset. Finally, a generalized DSSD (GDSSD) is proposed achieving 91.12% CDR.