Communications of the ACM - Special issue on graphical user interfaces
Interactive sketching for the early stages of user interface design
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ambiguous intentions: a paper-like interface for creative design
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
SKETCH: an interface for sketching 3D scenes
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Assessing the effect of non-photorealistic rendered images in CAD
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Communications of the ACM
EtchaPad—disposable sketch based interfaces
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Real-time nonphotorealistic rendering
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive beautification: a technique for rapid geometric design
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Pegasus: a drawing system for rapid geometric design
CHI 98 Cconference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Path drawing for 3D walkthrough
Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Flatland: new dimensions in office whiteboards
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Teddy: a sketching interface for 3D freeform design
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An architecture for pen-based interaction on electronic whiteboards
AVI '00 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Rough and ready prototypes: lessons from graphic design
CHI '92 Posters and Short Talks of the 1992 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
NPAR '02 Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
Connector semantics for sketched diagram recognition
AUIC '07 Proceedings of the eight Australasian conference on User interface - Volume 64
A toolkit approach to sketched diagram recognition
BCS-HCI '07 Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI...but not as we know it - Volume 1
Fast stroke matching by angle quantization
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Immersive Telecommunications
Pen-to-mime: Pen-based interactive control of a human figure
Computers and Graphics
A freehand-sketch environment for architectural design supported by a multi-agent system
Computers and Graphics
Recognition and beautification of multi-stroke symbols in digital ink
Computers and Graphics
A 3D sketching interacting tool for physical simulation based on web
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction platforms and techniques
Pen-to-mime: a pen-based interface for interactive control of a human figure
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
A multi-agent system for the interpretation of architectural sketches
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
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It is difficult to communicate graphical ideas or images to computers using current WIMP-style GUI. Freeform User Interfaces is an interface design framework that leverages the power of freeform strokes to achieve fluent interaction between users and computers in performing graphical tasks. Users express their graphical ideas as freeform strokes using pen-based systems, and the computer takes appropriate actions based on the perceptual features of the strokes. The results are displayed in an informal manner to facilitate exploratory thinking. This paper explores the concept of Freeform UI and shows its possibilities with four example systems: beautification and prediction for 2D geometric drawing, a stroke-based 3D navigation, an electronic office whiteboard, and a sketch-based 3D freeform modeling. While Freeform UI is not suitable for precise, production-oriented applications because of its ambiguity and imprecision, it does provide a natural, highly interactive computing environment for pre-productive, exploratory activities in various graphical applications.