The effects of emotional icons on remote communication
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interaction and outeraction: instant messaging in action
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Providing presence cues to telephone users
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Effects of communication medium on interpersonal perceptions
GROUP '01 Proceedings of the 2001 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work
The character, functions, and styles of instant messaging in the workplace
CSCW '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Instant messaging in teen life
CSCW '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Review: The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review
Computers in Human Behavior
Emoticons and Online Message Interpretation
Social Science Computer Review
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Many studies have shed light on general computer-mediated communication, instant messaging (IM), and emotion or emoticons, but little is known specifically about the impacts of emoticons in task-oriented IM communication in the workplace. Therefore, the current study addresses this issue by conducting an exploratory experiment to (1) categorize workplace IM messages into coherent groups, (2) identify the most commonly used emoticons (emblems) for expressing positive, negative, and neutral emotions in the case company, (3) test the differences in the emotional effects of the received text messages with and without emoticons on the reader/s, and (4) examine the intention to use emoticons in IM in the workplace. The results showed that (1) negative emoticons could cause a negative effect in both simplex and complex task-oriented communication, (2) positive emoticons only created a positive effect in complex communication and for female employees in simplex communication, and (3) there is no significant difference between task-oriented messages with or without neutral emoticon. Furthermore, the intention of using emoticons was not statistically significant in terms of gender, but it has a higher tendency on female employees. The corresponding suggestions provided by this research may help increase our understanding on the effect of emoticon use in IM in the workplace.