Learning a word processing system with training wheels and guided exploration
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
Training wheels in a user interface
Communications of the ACM
An evaluation of a multiple interface design solution for bloated software
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Usability Metrics: Tracking Interface Improvements
IEEE Software
Promoting universal usability with multi-layer interface design
CUU '03 Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Universal usability
Training wheels for older users
OZCHI '05 Proceedings of the 17th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Citizens Online: Considerations for Today and the Future
A study of the use of mobile phones by older persons
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Approaches to web search and navigation for older computer novices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A survey of software learnability: metrics, methodologies and guidelines
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating reduced-functionality interfaces according to feature findability and awareness
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
Patient-centered design: interface personalization for individuals with brain injury
UAHCI'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: users diversity - Volume Part II
Android permissions: user attention, comprehension, and behavior
Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security
BCS-HCI '12 Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers
How Older Adults Learn to Use Mobile Devices: Survey and Field Investigations
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Breaking psychological barrier toward changes: two experiences
UAHCI'13 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: design methods, tools, and interaction techniques for eInclusion - Volume Part I
A framework of affordance and usability of mobile user interface for older adults
UAHCI'13 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: user and context diversity - Volume 2
Motivations and obstacles to smartphone use by the elderly: developing a research framework
International Journal of Electronic Finance
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Mobile computing devices can offer older adults (ages 65+) support in their daily lives, but older adults often find such devices difficult to learn and use. One potential design approach to improve the learnability of mobile devices is a Multi-Layered (ML) interface, where novice users start with a reduced-functionality interface layer that only allows them to perform basic tasks, before progressing to a more complex interface layer when they are comfortable. We studied the effects of a ML interface on older adults’ performance in learning tasks on a mobile device. We conducted a controlled experiment with 16 older (ages 65--81) and 16 younger participants (age 21--36), who performed tasks on either a 2-layer or a nonlayered (control) address book application, implemented on a commercial smart phone. We found that the ML interface’s Reduced-Functionality layer, compared to the control’s Full-Functionality layer, better helped users to master a set of basic tasks and to retain that ability 30 minutes later. When users transitioned from the Reduced-Functionality to the Full-Functionality interface layer, their performance on the previously learned tasks was negatively affected, but no negative impact was found on learning new, advanced tasks. Overall, the ML interface provided greater benefit for older participants than for younger participants in terms of task completion time during initial learning, perceived complexity, and preference. We discuss how the ML interface approach is suitable for improving the learnability of mobile applications, particularly for older adults.