Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data
ICML '01 Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
A systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models
Computational Linguistics
The mathematics of statistical machine translation: parameter estimation
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: II
A syntax-based statistical translation model
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
A simple pattern-matching algorithm for recovering empty nodes and their antecedents
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Learning accurate, compact, and interpretable tree annotation
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Fully parsing the Penn Treebank
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
Moses: open source toolkit for statistical machine translation
ACL '07 Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the ACL on Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions
Optimizing Chinese word segmentation for machine translation performance
StatMT '08 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
ACLShort '09 Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers
Head finalization: a simple reordering rule for SOV languages
WMT '10 Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR
A statistical tree annotator and its applications
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies - Volume 1
Language-independent parsing with empty elements
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: short papers - Volume 2
Improving machine translation of null subjects in Italian and Spanish
EACL '12 Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
A clause-level hybrid approach to Chinese empty element recovery
IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
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We examine effects that empty categories have on machine translation. Empty categories are elements in parse trees that lack corresponding overt surface forms (words) such as dropped pronouns and markers for control constructions. We start by training machine translation systems with manually inserted empty elements. We find that inclusion of some empty categories in training data improves the translation result. We expand the experiment by automatically inserting these elements into a larger data set using various methods and training on the modified corpus. We show that even when automatic prediction of null elements is not highly accurate, it nevertheless improves the end translation result.