The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The Persona Effect: How Substantial Is It?
HCI '98 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Evaluating users' experience of a character-enhanced information space
AI Communications
Benefits of Virtual Characters in Computer Based Learning Environments: Claims and Evidence
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Hybrid control for embodied agents applications
KI'09 Proceedings of the 32nd annual German conference on Advances in artificial intelligence
Modeling parallel state charts for multithreaded multimodal dialogues
ICMI '11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces
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Embodied agents have the potential to become a highly natural human-computer interaction device - they are already is use as tutors, presenters and assistants. However, it remains an open question whether adding an agent to an application has a measurable impact, positive or negative, in terms of motivation and learning performance. Prior studies are very diverse with respect to design, statistical power and outcome; and repeated interactions are rarely considered. We present a controlled user study of a vocabulary trainer application that evaluates the effect on motivation and learning performance. Subjects interacted either with a no-agent and with-agent version in a between-subjects design in repeated sessions. As opposed to prior work (e.g. Persona Effect), we found neither positive nor negative effects on motivation and learning performance, i.e. a Persona Zero-Effect. This means that adding an agent does not benefit the performance but also, does not distract.