Improved reasoning with Convince Me
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The functions of multiple representations
Computers & Education
Automated Advice-Giving Strategies for Scientific Inquiry
ITS '96 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Using computer supported argument visualization to teach legal argumentation
Visualizing argumentation
Rapid Authoring of Intelligent Tutors for Real-World and Experimental Use
ICALT '06 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
Argument diagramming in logic, law and artificial intelligence
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Intelligent Tutors for All: The Constraint-Based Approach
IEEE Intelligent Systems
The Andes Physics Tutoring System: Lessons Learned
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
'Tis Better to Construct than to Receive? The Effects of Diagram Tools on Causal Reasoning
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work
A Process Model of Legal Argument with Hypotheticals
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems: JURIX 2008: The Twenty-First Annual Conference
Toward legal argument instruction with graph grammars and collaborative filtering techniques
ITS'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Communications of the ACM
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Argumentation is a process that occurs often in ill-defined domains and that helps deal with the illdefinedness. Typically a notion of "correctness" for an argument in an ill-defined domain is impossible to define or verify formally because the underlying concepts are open-textured and the quality of the argument may be subject to discussion or even expert disagreement. Previous research has highlighted the advantages of graphical representations for learning argumentation skills. A number of intelligent tutoring systems have been built that support students in rendering arguments graphically, as they learn argumentation skills. The relative instructional benefits of graphical argument representations have not been reliably shown, however. In this paper we present a formative evaluation of LARGO (Legal ARgument Graph Observer), a system that enables law students graphically to represent examples of legal interpretation with hypotheticals they observe while reading texts of U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments. We hypothesized that, compared to a text-based alternative, LARGO's diagramming language geared toward depicting hypothetical reasoning processes, coupled with non-directive feedback, helps students better extract the important information from argument transcripts and better learn argumentation skills. A first pilot study, conducted with volunteer first-semester law students, provided support for the hypothesis. The system especially helped lower-aptitude students learn argumentation skills, and LARGO improved the reading skills of students as they studied expert arguments. A second study with LARGO was conducted as a mandatory part of a first-semester University law course. Although there were no differences in the learning outcomes of the two conditions, the second study showed some evidence that those students who engaged more with the argument diagrams through the advice did better than the text condition. One lesson learned from these two studies is that graphical representations in intelligent tutoring systems for the ill-defined domain of argumentation may still be better than text, but that engagement is essential.