Elements of information theory
Elements of information theory
Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases
SIGMOD '93 Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
A translation approach to portable ontology specifications
Knowledge Acquisition - Special issue: Current issues in knowledge modeling
Automatic acquisition of word meaning from context
Automatic acquisition of word meaning from context
An empirical symbolic approach to natural language processing
Artificial Intelligence - Special volume on empirical methods
Mining generalized association rules
Future Generation Computer Systems - Special double issue on data mining
Towards text knowledge engineering
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Learning to construct knowledge bases from the World Wide Web
Artificial Intelligence - Special issue on Intelligent internet systems
Explorations in Automatic Thesaurus Discovery
Explorations in Automatic Thesaurus Discovery
Modern Information Retrieval
Ontology Learning and Its Application to Automated Terminology Translation
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL
EMCL '01 Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Machine Learning
Extending a Lexical Ontology by a Combination of Distributional Semantics Signatures
EKAW '02 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. Ontologies and the Semantic Web
Selection Restrictions Acquisition from Corpora
EPIA '01 Proceedings of the10th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence on Progress in Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Extraction, Multi-agent Systems, Logic Programming and Constraint Solving
Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data
ICML '01 Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Knowledge Acquisition for Question Answering
Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference
EKAW '00 Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management
Learning ontologies from natural language texts
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Retrieving collocations from text: Xtract
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: I
A machine learning approach to coreference resolution of noun phrases
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on computational anaphora resolution
Functional centering: grounding referential coherence in information structure
Computational Linguistics
Extracting molecular binding relationships from biomedical text
ANLC '00 Proceedings of the sixth conference on Applied natural language processing
Nymble: a high-performance learning name-finder
ANLC '97 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing
Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Noun-phrase co-occurrence statistics for semiautomatic semantic lexicon construction
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography
ACL '89 Proceedings of the 27th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Noun classification from predicate-argument structures
ACL '90 Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
SEXTANT: exploring unexplored contexts for semantic extraction from syntactic analysis
ACL '92 Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Web-scale information extraction in knowitall: (preliminary results)
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Extracting the names of genes and gene products with a hidden Markov model
COLING '00 Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora
COLING '92 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Hierarchical clustering of words
COLING '96 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Finding parts in very large corpora
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Automatic construction of a hypernym-labeled noun hierarchy from text
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
An overview of methods and tools for ontology learning from texts
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Structural Semantic Interconnections: A Knowledge-Based Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A methodology for terminology-based knowledge acquisition and integration
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
A graph model for unsupervised lexical acquisition
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Improving machine learning approaches to coreference resolution
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
An algorithm for aspects of semantic interpretation using an enhanced WordNet
NAACL '01 Proceedings of the second meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Language technologies
Learning semantic constraints for the automatic discovery of part-whole relations
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
Tuning support vector machines for biomedical named entity recognition
BioMed '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 workshop on Natural language processing in the biomedical domain - Volume 3
Unsupervised, corpus-based method for extending a biomedical terminology
BioMed '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 workshop on Natural language processing in the biomedical domain - Volume 3
A bootstrapping method for learning semantic lexicons using extraction pattern contexts
EMNLP '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - Volume 10
Automatic discovery of term similarities using pattern mining
COMPUTERM '02 COLING-02 on COMPUTERM 2002: second international workshop on computational terminology - Volume 14
Gene name extraction using FlyBase resources
BioMed '03 Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Natural language processing in biomedicine - Volume 13
Effective adaptation of a Hidden Markov Model-based named entity recognizer for biomedical domain
BioMed '03 Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Natural language processing in biomedicine - Volume 13
Protein name tagging for biomedical annotation in text
BioMed '03 Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Natural language processing in biomedicine - Volume 13
CONLL '03 Proceedings of the seventh conference on Natural language learning at HLT-NAACL 2003 - Volume 4
Domain-specific language models and lexicons for tagging
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
From concepts to clinical reality: an essay on the benchmarking of biomedical terminologies
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Biomedical ontologies
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Biomedical ontologies
Extraction of regulatory gene/protein networks from Medline
Bioinformatics
Bio-Ontology and text: bridging the modeling gap
Bioinformatics
The distributional inclusion hypotheses and lexical entailment
ACL '05 Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Supporting Collaborative Ontology Development in Protégé
ISWC '08 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on The Semantic Web
Resolving bridging references in unrestricted text
ANARESOLUTION '97 Proceedings of a Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora Resolution for Unrestricted Texts
Automatically generating extraction patterns from untagged text
AAAI'96 Proceedings of the thirteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Automatically constructing a dictionary for information extraction tasks
AAAI'93 Proceedings of the eleventh national conference on Artificial intelligence
Text2Onto: a framework for ontology learning and data-driven change discovery
NLDB'05 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Natural Language Processing and Information Systems
Anaphora resolution for biomedical literature by exploiting multiple resources
IJCNLP'05 Proceedings of the Second international joint conference on Natural Language Processing
PKAW'06 Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Rim Knowledge Acquisition international conference on Advances in Knowledge Acquisition and Management
Guest Editorial: Ontologies for clinical and translational research: Introduction
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Enhancing phylogeography by improving geographical information from GenBank
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
DOG4DAG: semi-automated ontology generation in OBO-Edit and Protégé
Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Semantic Web Applications and Tools for the Life Sciences
Transforming semi-structured life science diagrams into meaningful domain ontologies with DiDOn
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
An interaction framework of service-oriented ontology learning
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Measuring the level of activity in community built bio-ontologies
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Temporal classifiers for predicting the expansion of medical subject headings
CICLing'13 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing - Volume Part I
Unsupervised mining of frequent tags for clinical eligibility text indexing
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
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While the biomedical informatics community widely acknowledges the utility of domain ontologies, there remain many barriers to their effective use. One important requirement of domain ontologies is that they must achieve a high degree of coverage of the domain concepts and concept relationships. However, the development of these ontologies is typically a manual, time-consuming, and often error-prone process. Limited resources result in missing concepts and relationships as well as difficulty in updating the ontology as knowledge changes. Methodologies developed in the fields of Natural Language Processing, information extraction, information retrieval and machine learning provide techniques for automating the enrichment of an ontology from free-text documents. In this article, we review existing methodologies and developed systems, and discuss how existing methods can benefit the development of biomedical ontologies.