Stationary background generation: an alternative to the difference of two images
Pattern Recognition
Pfinder: Real-Time Tracking of the Human Body
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Unified Approach to Moving Object Detection in 2D and 3D Scenes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fast Lighting Independent Background Subtraction
International Journal of Computer Vision - Special issue on a special section on visual surveillance
W4: Real-Time Surveillance of People and Their Activities
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Bayesian Computer Vision System for Modeling Human Interactions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Independent Motion Detection in 3D Scenes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Backpack: detection of people carrying objects using silhouettes
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Modeling people toward vision-based underatanding of a person's shape, appearance, and movement
Object Tracking with Bayesian Estimation of Dynamic Layer Representations
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
M2Tracker: A Multi-View Approach to Segmenting and Tracking People in a Cluttered Scene
International Journal of Computer Vision
Statistical background modeling for non-stationary camera
Pattern Recognition Letters
Non-parametric Model for Background Subtraction
ECCV '00 Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part II
Real-Time Estimation of Human Body Posture from Monocular Thermal Images
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Background Modeling for Segmentation of Video-Rate Stereo Sequences
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Integrated Region- and Pixel-based Approach to Background Modelling
MOTION '02 Proceedings of the Workshop on Motion and Video Computing
A Real-Time System for Monitoring of Cyclists and Pedestrians
VS '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Visual Surveillance
Multi-Camera Multi-Person Tracking for EasyLiving
VS '00 Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Workshop on Visual Surveillance (VS'2000)
Moving Target Classification and Tracking from Real-time Video
WACV '98 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV'98)
Kinematic based Human Motion Analysis in Infrared Sequences
WACV '02 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
Towards Vision-Based 3-D People Tracking in a Smart Room
ICMI '02 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces
Advances in Computational Stereo
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Comparison of techniques for environmental sound recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Statistical Background Subtraction for a Mobile Observer
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
On-Line Selection of Discriminative Tracking Features
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
SoundButton: Design of a Low Power Wearable Audio Classification System
ISWC '03 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Multi-level background initialization using Hidden Markov Models
IWVS '03 First ACM SIGMM international workshop on Video surveillance
Improved Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Model for Background Subtraction
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 2 - Volume 02
On-Line Adaptive Background Modelling for Audio Surveillance
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 2 - Volume 02
Probabilistic Tracking with Adaptive Feature Selection
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 2 - Volume 02
Multi-resolution background modeling of dynamic scenes using weighted match filters
Proceedings of the ACM 2nd international workshop on Video surveillance & sensor networks
Moving Humans Detection Based on Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 8 - Volume 08
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Online Selection of Discriminative Tracking Features
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Motion Layer Extraction in the Presence of Occlusion Using Graph Cuts
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Bayesian Modeling of Dynamic Scenes for Object Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Exemplar-based background model initialization
Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Video surveillance & sensor networks
A Texture-Based Method for Modeling the Background and Detecting Moving Objects
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Robust Tracking Using Foreground-Background Texture Discrimination
International Journal of Computer Vision
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
A Framework for Feature Selection for Background Subtraction
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Background Initialization in Cluttered Sequences
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Background Subtraction Based on a Robust Consensus Method
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
Online audio background determination for complex audio environments
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Real-time people localization and tracking through fixed stereo vision
Applied Intelligence
People detection and tracking using stereo vision and color
Image and Vision Computing
Background-subtraction using contour-based fusion of thermal and visible imagery
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A real-time object detecting and tracking system for outdoor night surveillance
Pattern Recognition
Evaluation of Background Subtraction Algorithms with Post-Processing
AVSS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
A semi-supervised learning approach to online audio background detection
ICASSP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing
ViBE: A powerful random technique to estimate the background in video sequences
ICASSP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing
Recognizing Human Actions Using Silhouette-based HMM
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
Unsupervised scene analysis: A hidden Markov model approach
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Motion-based background subtraction using adaptive kernel density estimation
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Tracking multiple humans in crowded environment
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Image segmentation in video sequences: a probabilistic approach
UAI'97 Proceedings of the Thirteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
A multiview approach to tracking people in crowded scenes using a planar homography constraint
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part IV
Bathroom activity monitoring based on sound
PERVASIVE'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Pervasive Computing
Fusion of thermal infrared and visible spectrum video for robust surveillance
ICVGIP'06 Proceedings of the 5th Indian conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
Pedestrian detection and tracking with night vision
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
Detecting moving objects, ghosts, and shadows in video streams
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image change detection algorithms: a systematic survey
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
An edge-based approach for robust foreground detection
ACIVS'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Advanced concepts for intelligent vision systems
Background subtraction based on phase feature and distance transform
Pattern Recognition Letters
Robust detection of moving objects in video sequences through rough set theory framework
Image and Vision Computing
Foreground objects segmentation for moving camera scenarios based on SCGMM
MUSCLE'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Computational Intelligence for Multimedia Understanding
On line background modeling for moving object segmentation in dynamic scenes
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Image and Vision Computing
Towards commoditized smart-camera design
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Background foreground segmentation with RGB-D Kinect data: An efficient combination of classifiers
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
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Background subtraction is a widely used operation in the video surveillance, aimed at separating the expected scene (the background) from the unexpected entities (the foreground). There are several problems related to this task, mainly due to the blurred boundaries between background and foreground definitions. Therefore, background subtraction is an open issue worth to be addressed under different points of view. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive review of the background subtraction methods, that considers also channels other than the sole visible optical one (such as the audio and the infrared channels). In addition to the definition of novel kinds of background, the perspectives that these approaches open up are very appealing: in particular, the multisensor direction seems to be well-suited to solve or simplify several hoary background subtraction problems. All the reviewed methods are organized in a novel taxonomy that encapsulates all the brand-new approaches in a seamless way.