Next century challenges: mobile networking for “Smart Dust”
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Sensor networks for medical care
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Ultra-low power data storage for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Microhash: an efficient index structure for fash-based sensor devices
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
PARAID: A gear-shifting power-aware RAID
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Hierarchical Code Correction and Reliability Management in Embedded nor Flash Memories
ETS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 13th European Test Symposium
Energy-aware error control coding for Flash memories
Proceedings of the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference
IEEE Spectrum
Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 1
Correcting charge-constrained errors in the rank-modulation scheme
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Correcting limited-magnitude errors in the rank-modulation scheme
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Codes in permutations and error correction for rank modulation
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
CCCP: secure remote storage for computational RFIDs
SSYM'09 Proceedings of the 18th conference on USENIX security symposium
Exploiting the Interplay between Memory and Flash Storage in Embedded Sensor Devices
RTCSA '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 16th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications
Mementos: system support for long-running computation on RFID-scale devices
Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Flikker: saving DRAM refresh-power through critical data partitioning
Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Ekho: bridging the gap between simulation and reality in tiny energy-harvesting sensors
HotPower '11 Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Power-Aware Computing and Systems
Underpowering NAND flash: profits and perils
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference
Approximate storage in solid-state memories
Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
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This work analyzes the stochastic behavior of writing to embedded flash memory at voltages lower than recommended by a microcontroller's specifications to reduce energy consumption. Flash memory integrated within a microcontroller typically requires the entire chip to operate on common supply voltage almost double what the CPU portion requires. Our approach tolerates a lower supply voltage so that the CPU may operate in a more energy efficient manner. Energy efficient coding algorithms then cope with flash memory that behaves unpredictably. Our software-only coding algorithms (in-place writes, multiple-place writes, RS-Berger codes) enable reliable storage at low voltages on unmodified hardware by exploiting the electrically cumulative nature of half-written data in write-once bits. For a sensor monitoring application using the MSP430, coding with in-place writes reduces the overall energy consumption by 34%. In-place writes are competitive when the time spent on computation is at least four times greater than the time spent on writes to flash memory. Our evaluation shows that tightly maintaining the digital abstraction for storage in embedded flash memory comes at a significant cost to energy consumption with minimal gain in reliability.