MediaBench: a tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communicatons systems
MICRO 30 Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Fault-Tolerant Refresh Power Reduction of DRAMs for Quasi-Nonvolatile Data Retention
DFT '99 Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Defect and Fault-Tolerance in VLSI Systems
The Impact of Recovery Mechanisms on the Likelihood of Saving Corrupted State
ISSRE '02 Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering
Razor: A Low-Power Pipeline Based on Circuit-Level Timing Speculation
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Microarchitecture and Design Challenges for Gigascale Integration
Proceedings of the 37th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Pin: building customized program analysis tools with dynamic instrumentation
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation
Opportunities and challenges for better than worst-case design
Proceedings of the 2005 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
GRACE-1: Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Quality and Battery Energy
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Application-Level Correctness and its Impact on Fault Tolerance
HPCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE 13th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture
Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Samurai: protecting critical data in unsafe languages
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2008
Architecting phase change memory as a scalable dram alternative
Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Working Overtime: Patterns of Smartphone and PC Usage in the Day of an Information Worker
Pervasive '09 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing
Beginning Android
Surviving sensor network software faults
Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Green: a framework for supporting energy-conscious programming using controlled approximation
PLDI '10 Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation
Relax: an architectural framework for software recovery of hardware faults
Proceedings of the 37th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone
USENIXATC'10 Proceedings of the 2010 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
Dynamic knobs for responsive power-aware computing
Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Exploiting half-wits: smarter storage for low-power devices
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Block-based multiperiod dynamic memory design for low data-retention power
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Energy-Efficient value-based selective refresh for embedded DRAMs
PATMOS'05 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Integrated Circuit and System Design: power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation
EnerJ: approximate data types for safe and general low-power computation
Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation
Randomized accuracy-aware program transformations for efficient approximate computations
POPL '12 Proceedings of the 39th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Architecture support for disciplined approximate programming
ASPLOS XVII Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
Understanding and detecting real-world performance bugs
Proceedings of the 33rd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation
Proving acceptability properties of relaxed nondeterministic approximate programs
Proceedings of the 33rd ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation
RAIDR: Retention-Aware Intelligent DRAM Refresh
Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
PARDIS: a programmable memory controller for the DDRx interfacing standards
Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Proceedings of the ACM international conference on Object oriented programming systems languages and applications
RAMZzz: rank-aware dram power management with dynamic migrations and demotions
SC '12 Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
A survey of architectural techniques for DRAM power management
International Journal of High Performance Systems Architecture
Neural Acceleration for General-Purpose Approximate Programs
MICRO-45 Proceedings of the 2012 45th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section on Probabilistic Embedded Computing
Extracting useful computation from error-prone processors for streaming applications
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Understanding and mitigating refresh overheads in high-density DDR4 DRAM systems
Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
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Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGPLAN international conference on Object oriented programming systems languages & applications
A programmable memory controller for the DDRx interfacing standards
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
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Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
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ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
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Energy has become a first-class design constraint in computer systems. Memory is a significant contributor to total system power. This paper introduces Flikker, an application-level technique to reduce refresh power in DRAM memories. Flikker enables developers to specify critical and non-critical data in programs and the runtime system allocates this data in separate parts of memory. The portion of memory containing critical data is refreshed at the regular refresh-rate, while the portion containing non-critical data is refreshed at substantially lower rates. This partitioning saves energy at the cost of a modest increase in data corruption in the non-critical data. Flikker thus exposes and leverages an interesting trade-off between energy consumption and hardware correctness. We show that many applications are naturally tolerant to errors in the non-critical data, and in the vast majority of cases, the errors have little or no impact on the application's final outcome. We also find that Flikker can save between 20-25% of the power consumed by the memory sub-system in a mobile device, with negligible impact on application performance. Flikker is implemented almost entirely in software, and requires only modest changes to the hardware.