Past, present, and future of user interface software tools
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction in the new millennium, Part 1
IEEE Software
Papier-Mache: toolkit support for tangible input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sometimes you need to see through walls: a field study of application programming interfaces
CSCW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Six Learning Barriers in End-User Programming Systems
VLHCC '04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages - Human Centric Computing
prefuse: a toolkit for interactive information visualization
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How to design a good API and why it matters
Companion to the 21st ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications
iStuff mobile: rapidly prototyping new mobile phone interfaces for ubiquitous computing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Factory Pattern in API Design: A Usability Evaluation
ICSE '07 Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Software Engineering
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Usability evaluation for enterprise SOA APIs
Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Systems development in SOA environments
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Practical API Design: Confessions of a Java Framework Architect
Practical API Design: Confessions of a Java Framework Architect
API usability: CHI'2009 special interest group meeting
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Best practices in longitudinal research
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
API usability: report on special interest group at CHI
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
API peer reviews: a method for evaluating usability of application programming interfaces
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Concept mapping in agile usability: a case study
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Model-based design and implementation of interactive spaces for information interaction
HCSE'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Human-centred software engineering
Graph drawing by stress majorization
GD'04 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Graph Drawing
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Application programming interfaces (APIs) are the interfaces to existing code structures, such as widgets, frameworks, or toolkits. Therefore, they very much do have an impact on the quality of the resulting system. So, ensuring that developers can make the most out of them is an important challenge. However standard usability evaluation methods as known from HCI have limitations in grasping the interaction between developer and API as most IDEs (essentially the GUI) capture only part of it. In this paper we present the Concept Map method to study the usability of an API over time. This allows us to elicit the mental model of a programmer when using an API and thereby identify usability issues and learning barriers and their development over time.