Embedded menus: selecting items in context
Communications of the ACM
A generator of direct manipulation office systems
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Inside Macintosh
The Trillium user interface design environment
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
A specification language for direct-manipulation user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on user interface software
MIKE: the menu interaction kontrol environment
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Special issue on user interface software
A research center for augmenting human intellect
Computer-supported cooperative work: a book of readings
UIST '88 Proceedings of the 1st annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software
Interface usage measurements in a user interface management system
UIST '88 Proceedings of the 1st annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software
Constraint grammars–a new model for specifying graphical applications
CHI '89 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Automatic, look-and-feel independent dialog creation for graphical user interfaces
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
X toolkits: the lessons learned
UIST '90 Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
ITS: a tool for rapidly developing interactive applications
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Programming perl
Specifying gestures by example
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Report of the “End-User Programming” working group
Languages for developing user interfaces
Lessons learned from SUIT, the simple user interface toolkit
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on user interface software and technology
Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on computer augmented environments: back to the real world
Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A second generation user interface design environment: the model and the runtime architecture
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Beyond interface builders: model-based interface tools
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Rendezvous architecture and language for constructing multiuser applications
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Translucent patches—dissolving windows
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Multimedia and hypertext: the Internet and beyond
Multimedia and hypertext: the Internet and beyond
GLEAN: a computer-based tool for rapid GOMS model usability evaluation of user interface designs
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
Building real-time groupware with GroupKit, a groupware toolkit
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Strategic directions in human-computer interaction
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) - Special ACM 50th-anniversary issue: strategic directions in computing research
Programming python
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Supporting dynamic downloadable appearances in an extensible user interface toolkit
Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
CyberDesk: a framework for providing self-integrating context-aware services
IUI '98 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Collaboration using multiple PDAs connected to a PC
CSCW '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
i-LAND: an interactive landscape for creativity and innovation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design alternatives for user interface management sytems based on experience with COUSIN
CHI '85 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '85 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The University of Alberta user interface management system
SIGGRAPH '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Programming Language Aspects of ThingLab, a Constraint-Oriented Simulation Laboratory
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Usability Engineering
Towards a comprehensive user interface management system
SIGGRAPH '83 Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SYNGRAPH: A graphical user interface generator
SIGGRAPH '83 Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A user interface management system
SIGGRAPH '82 Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The reactive engine
Graphical input interaction technique (GIIT)
ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
Rapid prototyping of interactive information systems
Proceedings of the workshop on Rapid prototyping
Age group differences in world wide web navigation
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bluetooth: vision, goals, and architecture
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
Example based generation of custom data analysis appliances
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
A scalable method for deductive generalization in the spreadsheet paradigm
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Tool support for designing nomadic applications
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
User interfaces and help systems: from helplessness to intelligent assistance
Artificial Intelligence Review
A Unifying Reference Framework for the Development of Plastic User Interfaces
EHCI '01 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP International Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
Simplifying the Task of Generating Climate Simulations and Visualizations
ICCS '02 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science-Part II
Mobile HCI '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction
PADL '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages
Task Modelling for Context-Sensitive User Interfaces
DSV-IS '01 Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Interactive Systems: Design, Specification, and Verification-Revised Papers
Multiple User Interfaces: Towards a Task-Driven and Patterns-Oriented Design Model
DSV-IS '02 Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification
UbiComp '01 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Ubiquitous Computing
Design of usable multi-platform interactive systems
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User Interface Modeling in UMLi
IEEE Software
Graphical user interface energy characterization for handheld computers
Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
Abstract user interface representations: how well do they support universal access?
CUU '03 Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Universal usability
An examination of the run-time performance of GUI creation frameworks
PPPJ '03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Principles and practice of programming in Java
Analysis of learner performance on a tutoring system for Java
Current issues in IT education
Making model-based UI design practical: usable and open methods and tools
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
A molecular architecture for creating advanced GUIs
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Journal of Systems and Software - Special issue: Ubiquitous computing
Mobile access to real-time information—the case of autonomous stock brokering
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Papier-Mache: toolkit support for tangible input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The calder toolkit: wired and wireless components for rapidly prototyping interactive devices
DIS '04 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques
Design and Development of Multidevice User Interfaces through Multiple Logical Descriptions
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Supporting configurability in a mixed-media environment for design students
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Multi-devices "Multiple" user interfaces: development models and research opportunities
Journal of Systems and Software - Special issue: Applications of statistics in software engineering
ICARE: a component-based approach for multimodal interaction
UbiMob '04 Proceedings of the 1st French-speaking conference on Mobility and ubiquity computing
prefuse: a toolkit for interactive information visualization
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The future of user interface design tools
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Software reuse for scientific computing through program generation
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
Models for universal usability
IHM 2003 Proceedings of the 15th French-speaking conference on human-computer interaction on 15eme Conference Francophone sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine
Multiple pointers: a study and an implementation
IHM 2003 Proceedings of the 15th French-speaking conference on human-computer interaction on 15eme Conference Francophone sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine
Ubiquitous service access through adapted user interfaces on multiple devices
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Tool-supported single authoring for device independence and multimodality
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices & services
ButterflyNet: a mobile capture and access system for field biology research
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Implémentation par agents du processus d'adaptation des informations en interface homme-machine
IHM '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conferenceof the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Multimodal interaction on mobile phones: development and evaluation using ACICARE
Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Spatial graph grammars for graphical user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Reflective physical prototyping through integrated design, test, and analysis
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A graphics architecture for high-end interactive television terminals
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
iStuff mobile: rapidly prototyping new mobile phone interfaces for ubiquitous computing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Demonstrating the viability of automatically generated user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
MyExperience: a system for in situ tracing and capturing of user feedback on mobile phones
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
Integrated model-driven dashboard development
Information Systems Frontiers
Towards useful and usable interaction design tools: CanonSketch
Interacting with Computers
Eyepatch: prototyping camera-based interaction through examples
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Programming by a sample: rapidly creating web applications with d.mix
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Usando a IMML no desenvolvimento de interfaces de usuário para múltiplas plataformas
IHC '06 Proceedings of VII Brazilian symposium on Human factors in computing systems
Creativity support tools: accelerating discovery and innovation
Communications of the ACM
VLDB '07 Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on Very large data bases
Contact management on the wall: a card-game metaphor for large displays
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction
Investigating statistical machine learning as a tool for software development
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User interface description languages for next generation user interfaces
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3D interaction with volumetric medical data: experiencing the Wiimote
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Ambient media and systems
The IMML VDE: models, languages and tools to develop interactive systems
International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology
Gummy for multi-platform user interface designs: shape me, multiply me, fix me, use me
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Agent warp engine: formula based shape warping for networked applications
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Compositional specification and realisation of mixed-initiative web dialogs
International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology
User-Interface Modelling for Blind Users
ICCHP '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
An extension of UML for the modeling of WIMP user interfaces
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
AlfredO: an architecture for flexible interaction with electronic devices
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware
UI Fin: a process-oriented interface design tool
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
A Model-Driven Engineering Approach for the Usability of Plastic User Interfaces
Engineering Interactive Systems
User-created forms as an effective method of human-agent communication
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Supporting End Users to Be Co-designers of Their Tools
IS-EUD '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on End-User Development
Ingénierie dirigée par les modèles pour la plasticité des interfaces homme machine
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Artificial Intelligence Review
Concurrent use in an image management system
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Leading the Web in Concurrent Engineering: Next Generation Concurrent Engineering
StateStream: a developer-centric approach towards unifying interaction models and architecture
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Run-Time Adaptation of a Universal User Interface for Ambient Intelligent Production Environments
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part IV: Interacting in Various Application Domains
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A specification paradigm for the design and implementation of tangible user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A natural, tiered and executable UIDL for 3D user interfaces based on Concept-Oriented Design
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Examining difficulties software developers encounter in the adoption of statistical machine learning
AAAI'08 Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 3
L'environnement de développement dynamique (EDD) pour le prototypage rapide d'interfaces graphiques
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Malai: un modèle conceptuel d'interaction pour les systèmes interactifs
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Applying machine learning to automated information graphics generation
IBM Systems Journal
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Separation anxiety: stresses of developing a modern day separable user interface
HSI'09 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Human System Interactions
Runtime generation of a user interface, described in a database
CompSysTech '09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies and Workshop for PhD Students in Computing
A user interface for VR-ready 3D medical imaging by off-the-shelf input devices
Computers in Biology and Medicine
The infrastructure problem in HCI
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
i*CATch: a scalable plug-n-play wearable computing framework for novices and children
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Prefab: implementing advanced behaviors using pixel-based reverse engineering of interface structure
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using concept maps to evaluate the usability of APIs
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Model-driven development of advanced user interfaces
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An MDE-SOA approach to support plastic user interfaces in ambient spaces
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: ambient interaction
Providing device independence to mobile services
ERCIM'02 Proceedings of the User interfaces for all 7th international conference on Universal access: theoretical perspectives, practice, and experience
Knowledge transfer in semi-automatic image interpretation
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs
Comprehensive task and dialog modelling
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction design and usability
Model-driven adaptation for plastic user interfaces
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
The beautification process in model-driven engineering of user interfaces
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
Designing multi-device user interfaces: how to adapt to the changing device
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part II
A survey of model driven engineering tools for user interface design
TAMODIA'07 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Task models and diagrams for user interface design
No Code Required: Giving Users Tools to Transform the Web
No Code Required: Giving Users Tools to Transform the Web
Reflecting on the design and implementation issues of virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
User interface plasticity: model driven engineering to the limit!
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Automatically generating personalized user interfaces with Supple
Artificial Intelligence
A practical approach towards an exploratory framework for physical modeling
Computer Music Journal
Jelly: a multi-device design environment for managing consistency across devices
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Visual, in-place data flow modeling
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Towards a general purpose architecture for UI generation
Journal of Systems and Software
XUIB: XML to user interface binding
Proceedings of the 10th ACM symposium on Document engineering
Improving end-user GUI customization with transclusion
ACSC '10 Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Australasian Conferenc on Computer Science - Volume 102
D-Macs: building multi-device user interfaces by demonstrating, sharing and replaying design actions
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Using the hybrid simulation for early user evaluations of pervasive interactions
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Deriving vocal interfaces from logical descriptions in multi-device authoring environments
ICWE'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Web engineering
Component-based high fidelity interactive prototyping of post-WIMP interactions
International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces and the Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
Rapid UI development for enterprise applications: combining manual and model-driven techniques
MODELS'10 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Model driven engineering languages and systems: Part I
Supporting multimodality in service-oriented model-based development environments
HCSE'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Human-centred software engineering
Sketching interactive systems with sketchify
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Programming languages as user interfaces
Proceedings of the 3rd Mexican Workshop on Human Computer Interaction
Apolo: making sense of large network data by combining rich user interaction and machine learning
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Content and hierarchy in pixel-based methods for reverse engineering interface structure
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The concept maps method as a tool to evaluate the usability of APIs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Generating UI for pervasive devices using pattern-based approach
ICCOMP'06 Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Computers
Is there convergence in the field of UI generation?
Journal of Systems and Software
OP: a novel programming model for integrated design and prototyping of mixed objects
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part III
Hammering models: designing usable modeling tools
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part III
The proximity toolkit: prototyping proxemic interactions in ubiquitous computing ecologies
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
PingPong++: community customization in games and entertainment
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology
Collaborative code reviews on interactive surfaces
Proceedings of the 29th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
Procedings of the Second Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design
Galactic dimensions: a unifying workstyle model for user-centered design
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Deriving configuration interfaces from feature models: a vision paper
Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Variability Modeling of Software-Intensive Systems
WindowScape: Lessons learned from a task-centric window manager
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Towards model driven engineering of plastic user interfaces
MoDELS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Satellite Events at the MoDELS
”Tell me a story” issues on the design of document retrieval systems
EHCI-DSVIS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems
CanonSketch: a user-centered tool for canonical abstract prototyping
EHCI-DSVIS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems
Towards a new generation of widgets for supporting software plasticity: the ”comet”
EHCI-DSVIS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems
Real-Time co-composing system using multi-aspects
KES'05 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems - Volume Part IV
An experimental speech to graphics system
CHINZ '02 Proceedings of the SIGCHI-NZ Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction
Solving the mapping problem in user interface design by seamless integration in IDEALXML
DSVIS'05 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Interactive Systems: design, specification, and verification
A UML-based tool for designing user interfaces
UML'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on UML Modeling Languages and Applications
Ubiquitous framework for creating and evaluating persuasive applications and games
GPC'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Grid and Pervasive Computing
A UML-based tool for designing user interfaces
UML Modeling Languages and Applications
MyUI: generating accessible user interfaces from multimodal design patterns
Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
An automated layout approach for model-driven WIMP-UI generation
Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Personalization for unobtrusive service interaction
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
An efficient model-based methodology for developing device-independent mobile applications
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Advances in Engineering Software
.NET gadgeteer: a platform for custom devices
Pervasive'12 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Pervasive Computing
What next, ubicomp?: celebrating an intellectual disappearing act
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing
ConstraintJS: programming interactive behaviors for the web by integrating constraints and states
Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
User interface toolkit mechanisms for securing interface elements
Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Model-driven approach for managing human interface design life cycle
MODELS'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems
How interactive artifacts "change" over time: a visual analysis
Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design
Comparing the usability of grid-bag and constraint-based layouts
Proceedings of the 24th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
Towards a cultural user interface generation principles
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Model-driven development and evolution of customized user interfaces
Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Cedar studio: an IDE supporting adaptive model-driven user interfaces for enterprise applications
Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)
Kinect©, as interaction device with a tiled display
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
User interfaces for smart things -- A generative approach with semantic interaction descriptions
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
| Hi-index | 0.02 |
A user interface software tool helps developers design and implement the user interface. Research on past tools has had enormous impact on today's developers—virtually all applications today are built using some form of user interface tool. In this article, we consider cases of both success and failure in past user interface tools. From these cases we extract a set of themes which can serve as lessons for future work. Using these themes, past tools can be characterized by what aspects of the user interface they addressed, their threshold and ceiling, what path of least resistance they offer, how predictable they are to use, and whether they addressed a target that became irrelevant. We believe the lessons of these past themes are particularly important now, because increasingly rapid technological changes are likely to significantly change user interfaces. We are at the dawn of an era where user interfaces are about to break out of the “desktop” box where they have been stuck for the past 15 years. The next millenium will open with an increasing diversity of user interface on an increasing diversity of computerized devices. These devices include hand-held personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, pages, computerized pens, computerized notepads, and various kinds of desk and wall size-computers, as well as devices in everyday objects (such as mounted on refridgerators, or even embedded in truck tires). The increased connectivity of computers, initially evidenced by the World Wide Web, but spreading also with technologies such as personal-area networks, will also have a profound effect on the user interface to computers. Another important force will be recognition-based user interfaces, especially speech, and camera-based vision systems. Other changes we see are an increasing need for 3D and end-user customization, programming, and scripting. All of these changes will require significant support from the underlying user interface sofware tools.