Dynamic real-time deformations using space & time adaptive sampling
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-Time Elastic Deformations of Soft Tissues for Surgery Simulation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
A Surgery Simulation Supporting Cuts and Finite Element Deformation
MICCAI '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Modifying Soft Tissue Models: Progressive Cutting with Minimal New Element Creation
MICCAI '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
CA '99 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Dynamic Local Models for Stable Multi-Contact Haptic Interaction with Deformable Objects
HAPTICS '03 Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS'03)
VR '01 Proceedings of the Virtual Reality 2001 Conference (VR'01)
Non-linear anisotropic elasticity for real-time surgery simulation
Graphical Models - Special issue on SMI 2002
A voxel based multiresolution technique for soft tissue deformation
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A physically-based framework for real-time haptic cutting and interaction with 3D continuum models
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Solid and physical modeling
Real-time haptic incision simulation using FEM-based discontinuous free-form deformation
Computer-Aided Design
A virtual-reality training system for knee arthroscopic surgery
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
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In order to simulate both physically and visually realistic soft tissue deformations, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is the most popular choice in the literature. However it is non-trivial to model complex behaviour of soft tissue with sufficient refresh rates, especially for haptic force feedback which requires an update rate of the order of 1 kHz. In this study the use of asynchronous regions is proposed to speed up the solution of FEM equations in real-time. In this way it is possible to solve the local neighborhood of the contact with high refresh rates, while evaluating the more distant regions at lower frequencies, saving computational power to model complex behaviour within the contact area. Solution of the different regions using different methods is also possible. To attain maximum efficiency the size of the regions can be changed, in real-time, in response to the size of the deformation.