Prefetching using Markov predictors
Proceedings of the 24th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Efficient Memory Integrity Verification and Encryption for Secure Processors
Proceedings of the 36th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Efficient data protection for distributed shared memory multiprocessors
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques
Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Phase-change random access memory: a scalable technology
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Lest we remember: cold boot attacks on encryption keys
SS'08 Proceedings of the 17th conference on Security symposium
Architecting phase change memory as a scalable dram alternative
Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
A durable and energy efficient main memory using phase change memory technology
Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Scalable high performance main memory system using phase-change memory technology
Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
PACT '09 Proceedings of the 2009 18th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques
Enhancing lifetime and security of PCM-based main memory with start-gap wear leveling
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Morphable memory system: a robust architecture for exploiting multi-level phase change memories
Proceedings of the 37th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
BVSSD: build built-in versioning flash-based solid state drives
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
Leveraging phase change memory to achieve efficient virtual machine execution
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Beyond full disk encryption: protection on security-enhanced commodity processors
ACNS'13 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security
An efficient run-time encryption scheme for non-volatile main memory
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis for Embedded Systems
Memory encryption: A survey of existing techniques
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
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Emerging technologies for building non-volatile main memory (NVMM) systems suffer from a security vulnerability where information lingers on long after the system is powered down, enabling an attacker with physical access to the system to extract sensitive information off the memory. The goal of this study is to find a solution for such a security vulnerability. We introduce i-NVMM, a data privacy protection scheme for NVMM, where the main memory is encrypted incrementally, i.e. different data in the main memory is encrypted at different times depending on whether the data is predicted to still be useful to the processor. The motivation behind incremental encryption is the observation that the working set of an application is much smaller than its resident set. By identifying the working set and encrypting remaining part of the resident set, i-NVMM can keep the majority of the main memory encrypted at all times without penalizing performance by much. Our experiments demonstrate promising results. i-NVMM keeps 78% of the main memory encrypted across SPEC2006 benchmarks, yet only incurs 3.7% execution time overhead, and has a negligible impact on the write endurance of NVMM, all achieved with a relatively simple hardware support in the memory module.