The visual display of quantitative information
The visual display of quantitative information
Graphics and managerial decision making: research-based guidelines
Communications of the ACM
Analyzing high-dimensional data with motion graphics
SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing
Impacts of decision task, data, and display on strategies for extracting information
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Readings in information visualization: using vision to think
Readings in information visualization: using vision to think
An image construction method for visualizing managerial data
Decision Support Systems
The grammar of graphics
Information visualization: perception for design
Information visualization: perception for design
Visualizing Production Planning Data
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Extending Distortion Viewing from 2D to 3D
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Exploring Large Graphs in 3D Hyperbolic Space
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Finding the Best Viewpoints for Three-Dimensional Graph Drawings
GD '97 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Graph Drawing
Approximation Algorithms for Finding Best Viewpoints
GD '98 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Graph Drawing
A cognitive model for understanding graphical perception
Human-Computer Interaction
Computers in Human Behavior
Assisting decision making in the event-driven enterprise using wavelets
Decision Support Systems
Relationship of blink, affect, and usability of graph reading tasks
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interaction Sciences: Information Technology, Culture and Human
Visualization of Network Concepts: The Impact of Working Memory Capacity Differences
Information Systems Research
Visualizing web search results using glyphs: Design and evaluation of a flower metaphor
ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS)
Brand positioning strategy using search engine marketing
MIS Quarterly
Information about information: a taxonomy of views
MIS Quarterly
Comparing averages in time series data
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Lost in space? Cognitive fit and cognitive load in 3D virtual environments
Computers in Human Behavior
Technology-Mediated Collaboration, Shared Mental Model and Task Performance
Journal of Organizational and End User Computing
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Most of the recent research in data visualization has focused on technical and aesthetic issues involved in the manipulation of graphs, specifically on features that facilitate data exploration to make graphs interactive and dynamic. The present research identifies a gap in the existing knowledge of graph construction, namely potential problems in both 3D and 2D graphs that will impede comprehension of information when three or more variables are used in a graphical representation. Based on theories regarding perceptual issues of graph construction (Bertin 1981; Pinker 1991), we evaluate specific cases where 3D graphs may outperform 2D graphs, and vice-versa. Two experiments have been conducted to test these hypotheses, and 3D graphs have been found to consistently outperform 2D graphs in all of our experimental scenarios. A third experiment has been conducted to identify situations where 2D graphs might perform at least as well as 3D graphs, but its results suggest that 3D graphs outperform 2D graphs even for simple tasks, thus leading to the conclusion that 3D graphs perform better than 2D graphs under all task conditions with more than two variables.