External cognition: how do graphical representations work?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The Graphic-Linguistic DistinctionExploring Alternatives
Artificial Intelligence Review
Participatory Design: Issues and Concerns
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Design Principles for Tactile Interaction
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Haptic Human-Computer Interaction
TeDUB: A System for Presenting and Exploring Technical Drawings for Blind People
ICCHP '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
Automating tactile graphics translation
Proceedings of the 7th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Feeling what you hear: tactile feedback for navigation of audio graphs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Remote usability evaluations With disabled people
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
MultiVis: improving access to visualisations for visually impaired people
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Analysis of navigability of Web applications for improving blind usability
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Multimodal vision glove for touchscreens
Proceedings of the 10th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design
Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design
A probabilistic framework for recognizing intention in information graphics
IJCAI'05 Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
TeslaTouch: electrovibration for touch surfaces
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Usability of accessible bar charts
Diagrams'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Diagrammatic representation and inference
Tactile diagrams: worth ten thousand words?
Diagrams'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Diagrammatic representation and inference
A real-time network board game system using tactile and auditory senses for the visually impaired
ICCHP'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computers helping people with special needs: Part I
Scientific diagrams made easy with IVEOTM
ICCHP'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
Learning non-visual graphical information using a touch-based vibro-audio interface
Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Evaluation of touch screen vibration accessibility for blind users
Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
A haptic ATM interface to assist visually impaired users
Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
Touchplates: low-cost tactile overlays for visually impaired touch screen users
Proceedings of the 15th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
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Access to graphics and other two dimensional information is still severely limited for people who are blind. We present a new multimodal computer tool, GraVVITAS, for presenting accessible graphics. It uses a multitouch display for tracking the position of the user's fingers augmented with haptic feedback for the fingers provided by small vibrating motors, and audio feedback for navigation and to provide non-geometric information about graphic elements. We believe GraVVITAS is the first practical, generic, low cost approach to providing refreshable accessible graphics. We have used a participatory design process with blind participants and a final evaluation of the tool shows that they can use it to understand a variety of graphics - tables, line graphs, and floorplans.