The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Designing and evaluating conversational interfaces with animated characters
Embodied conversational agents
Truth is beauty: researching embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Collaborative virtual environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Spatial Presence and Emotions during Video Game Playing: Does It Matter with Whom You Play?
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The media equation and team formation: Further evidence for experience as a moderator
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Influence of social setting on player experience of digital games
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Computers in Human Behavior
Cognitive and Emotional Characteristics of Communication in Human-Human/Human-Agent Interaction
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Digital drumming: a study of co-located, highly coordinated, dyadic collaboration
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
"It doesn't matter what you are!" Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
Computers in Human Behavior
Are artificial team-mates scapegoats in computer games
Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Did you notice? artificial team-mates take risks for players
IVA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Choosing human team-mates: perceived identity as a moderator of player preference and enjoyment
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
Fairness in the division and completion of collaborative work
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work companion
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Previous research on conversational, competitive, and cooperative systems suggests that people respond differently to humans and AI agents in terms of perception and evaluation of observed team-mate behavior. However, there has not been research examining the relationship between participants' protective behavior toward human/AI team-mates and their beliefs about their behavior. A study was conducted in which 32 participants played two sessions of a cooperative game, once with a "presumed" human and once with an AI team-mate; players could "draw fire" from a common enemy by "yelling" at it. Overwhelmingly, players claimed they "drew fire" on behalf of the presumed human more than for the AI team-mate; logged data indicates the opposite. The main contribution of this paper is to provide evidence of the mismatch in player beliefs about their actions and actual behavior with humans or agents and provides possible explanations for the differences.