CSCW '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
From reading to retrieval: freeform ink annotations as queries
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Learning through synchronous electronic discussion
Computers & Education - VIRTUALITY IN EDUCATION selected contributions from the CAL 99 symposium
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Dealing with mobility: understanding access anytime, anywhere
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Context-Aware Support for Computer-Supported Ubiquitous Learning
WMTE '04 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (WMTE'04)
Technology as small group face-to-face Collaborative Scaffolding
Computers & Education
Augmenting paper-based learning with mobile phones
Interacting with Computers
The design of a mixed-reality book: Is it still a real book?
ISMAR '08 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: A review
Computers & Education - Methodological issue in researching CSCL
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using procedural scaffoldings in fostering students' group discourse levels and learning outcomes in a paper-plus-smartphone collaborative learning context. All participants used built-in camera smartphones to learn new knowledge by scanning Quick Response (QR) codes, a type of two-dimensional barcode, embedded in paper-based learning materials in this study. Sixty undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at a four-year university in southern Taiwan participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into two different groups, using procedural scaffoldings learning and non-procedural scaffoldings learning. The learning unit about the Long Tail, an important concept used in products sales, was the learning task that participants were expected to complete. During the experiment, pretest-posttest and the completed group worksheets were used to collect data. The researchers applied content analyses, chi-square test, t-test, and ANCOVA to answer research questions. The findings indicated that participants in the experimental group using procedural scaffoldings achieved better learning outcomes than their counterparts in the control group in terms of group discourse levels, group learning, and individual learning.