A comparison of reading paper and on-line documents
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Beyond paper: supporting active reading with free form digital ink annotations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
XLibris: the active reading machine
CHI 98 Cconference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From reading to retrieval: freeform ink annotations as queries
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
The functions of multiple representations
Computers & Education
Listen reader: an electronically augmented paper-based book
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The missing link: augmenting biology laboratory notebooks
Proceedings of the 15th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Rethinking scaffolding in the information age
Computers & Education
Mobile learning challenges and potentials
International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation
Using mobile learning to increase environmental awareness
Computers & Education
Effects of high level prompts and peer assessment on online learners' reflection levels
Computers & Education
Augmenting paper-based learning with mobile phones
Interacting with Computers
The design of a mixed-reality book: Is it still a real book?
ISMAR '08 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Augmenting Paper-Based Reading Activities with Mobile Technology to Enhance Reading Comprehension
WMUTE '10 Proceedings of the 2010 6th IEEE International Conference on Wireless, Mobile, and Ubiquitous Technologies in Education
Enhancing art history education through mobile augmented reality
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Annotate me: supporting active reading using real-time document image retrieval on mobile devices
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication
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Comprehension is the goal of reading. However, students often encounter reading difficulties due to the lack of background knowledge and proper reading strategy. Unfortunately, print text provides very limited assistance to one's reading comprehension through its static knowledge representations such as symbols, charts, and graphs. Integrating digital materials and reading strategy into paper-based reading activities may bring opportunities for learners to make meaning of the print material. In this study, QR codes were adopted in association with mobile technology to deliver supplementary materials and questions to support students' reading. QR codes were printed on paper prints to provide direct access to digital materials and scaffolded questions. Smartphones were used to scan the printed QR codes to fetch pre-designed digital resources and scaffolded questions over the Internet. A quasi-experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of direct access to the digital materials prepared by the instructor using QR codes and that of scaffolded questioning in improving students' reading comprehension. The results suggested that direct access to digital resources using QR codes does not significantly influence students' reading comprehension; however, the reading strategy of scaffolded questioning significantly improves students' understanding about the text. The survey showed that most students agreed that the integrated print-and-digital-material- based learning system benefits English reading comprehension but may not be as efficient as expected. The implications of the findings shed light on future improvement of the system.