Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)
Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)
Numerical methods for neuronal modeling
Methods in neuronal modeling
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Efficient techniques for interactive texture placement
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications
Introduction to volume rendering
Introduction to volume rendering
General Object Reconstruction Based on Simplex Meshes
International Journal of Computer Vision
Intersection test for collision detection in particle systems
Journal of Graphics Tools
Fast volumetric deformation on general purpose hardware
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
Foundations of Neuro-Fuzzy Systems
Foundations of Neuro-Fuzzy Systems
Deformable Models in Medical Image Analysis
Deformable Models in Medical Image Analysis
Using Deformable Surfaces to Segment 3-D Images and Infer Differential Structures
ECCV '92 Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer Vision
A low-cost training simulator for initial formation in gynecologic laparoscopy
CVRMed-MRCAS '97 Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine and Medial Robotics and Computer-Assisted Surgery
A User-Friendly Texture-Fitting Methodology for Virtual Humans
CGI '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Graphics International
Elastodynamic Shape Modeling in Virtual Medicine
SMI '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications
Interactive Texturing by Polyhedron Decomposition
VR '01 Proceedings of the Virtual Reality 2001 Conference (VR'01)
An efficient and scalable deformable model for virtual reality-based medical applications
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
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Because of the increasing complexity of surgical interventions research in surgical simulation became more and more important over the last years. However, the simulation of tissue deformation is still a challenging problem, mainly due to the short response times that are required for real-time interaction. The demands to hard and software are even larger if not only the modeled human anatomy is used but the anatomy of actual patients. This is required if the surgical simulator should be used as training medium for expert surgeons rather than students. In this article, suitable visualization and simulation methods for surgical simulation utilizing actual patient's datasets are described. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect volume rendering for the visualization are discussed and a neuro-fuzzy system is described, which can be used for the simulation of interactive tissue deformations. The neuro-fuzzy system makes it possible to define the deformation behavior based on a linguistic description of the tissue characteristics or to learn the dynamics by using measured data of real tissue. Furthermore, a simulator for minimally-invasive neurosurgical interventions is presented that utilizes the described visualization and simulation methods. The structure of the simulator is described in detail and the results of a system evaluation by an experienced neurosurgeon-a quantitative comparison between different methods of virtual endoscopy as well as a comparison between real brain images and virtual endoscopies-are given. The evaluation proved that the simulator provides a higher realism of the visualization and simulation then other currently available simulators.